Table 2.
Abscisic acid as a hormonal biomarker in plants’ adaptive response to various biotic stress
| Stress | Plant | Analytical technique | Mechanisms/process | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Fungi (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini) |
Linum usitatissimum L. | ABA Immunoassay kit | Accumulation of ABA inhibits pathogen invasion by stimulating stomata closure, inducing expression of defense genes, and facilitating callose deposition on plant cell walls | Boba et al. (2020) |
| Fungi (Botrytis cinerea) | Vitis vinifera L. | High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry | An increased cellular concentration of ABA increases the activity of cell wall-loosening genes, resulting in increased susceptibility to pathogen attack | Coelho et al. (2019) |
| Rice stripe virus | Oryza sativa L. | High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry | Accumulation of ABA within infected rice shoots represses ferredoxin expression, consequently compromising the plants' immune response and making them more susceptible to viral attack | Cui et al. (2021) |
| Potato virus Y | Solanum tuberosum L. | High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry | Elevated levels of ABA enhance callus synthesis within the plasmodesmata and suppress the activity of the callose-degrading enzyme β-1,3-glucanase, thus preventing the intrusion of viruses into host plant cells." | Al-Mokadem et al. (2022) |
|
Nematode (Heterodera avenae Woll.) |
Triticum aestivum L. | High-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry | "The accumulation of ABA in infected plant tissues enhances resistance to nematode attacks by acting as a signalling hormone that triggers the activation of the systemic defense pathway in the host plant." | Korayem et al. (2022) |
|
Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) |
Solanum lycopersicum L. | liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry | "Reduced cellular ABA levels stimulate strigolactone synthesis, which increases defense against nematode attacks | Xu et al. (2019) |
|
Aphid (Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner) |
Sorghum bicolor L. | liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry | An increased cellular concentration of ABA triggers crosstalk between the JA and ABA-mediated defense pathways, enhancing resistance against insect attacks | Huang et al. (2022) |
|
Insect (Aphis glycines Matsumura) |
Glycine max L. | liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry | Increased endogenous ABA level stimulates the activation of the JA-induced defense pathway, resulting in improved tolerance to soybean aphid attacks | Chapman et al. (2018) |