Table 8.

Heat shock protein as a protein biomarker in plants' adaptive response to various biotic stress

Stress	Plant	Analytical technique	Family/loci	Mechanisms/process	References
Fungal (Golovinomyces orontii)	Helianthus annuus L.	LC–MS/MS	Family: HSP70 LOC110940013	Accumulation of HSP enhances plants' immunity by inhibiting pathogen invasion and mycelium spread within the plants' tissue	Kallamadi et al. (2018)
Fungal (Diaporthe caulivora)	Glycine max L.	RNA-seq and qRT-PCR	Family: sHSP LOC100798298 Family: HSP 70 LOC100809773	Upregulation of HSP increased resilience to fungal infection by increasing the accumulation and stability of plant defense receptors such as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLR)	Mena et al. (2023)
Fungal (Plasmopara viticola)	Vitis vinifera L.	SDS PAGE and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry	Family:HSP70.2 LOCIRVW33792 Family:HSP90.6 LOCIXP_059599446	Upregulation of the HSP increases immunity against fungal invasion by regulating immunity signalling and inducing the synthesis of resistance proteins	Liu et al. (2021)
Nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe)	Phaseolus vulgaris L.	RNA-seq and qRT-PCR	Family: sHSP PHAVU_002G231700g	Upregulation of HSP enhances tolerance to nematode attack by preventing degradation of antioxidant enzymes	Jain et al. (2016)