Table 9.

Antioxidant enzymes as biochemical markers in plants’ adaptive response to various abiotic stress

Stress	Plant	Analytical Technique	Name of antioxidant	Mechanisms/process	References
Drought	Solanum lycopersicum L.	2D-Gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF MS	SOD, CAT, and APX	Upregulation of SOD prevents cell damage by converting superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide, while CAT and APX convert hydrogen peroxide to water	Rai et al. (2021)
Cold	Glycine max L.	RNA-seq and qRT-PCR	SOD and POD	Overexpression of SOD and POD genes enhanced tolerance to cold stress by preventing malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide accumulation	Hussain et al. (2023)
Drought	Glycine max L.	Spectrophotometry and SDS-PAGE	APX, GR, GuPx, CAT	An increase in the cellular concentration of APX, GR, GuPx, and CAT in response to drought stress detoxifies ROS and enhances drought-stress tolerance in the affected plant	Mishra et al. (2021)
Salinity	Oryza sativa L.	Spectrophotometry assay	CAT, GuPX and APX	Upregulation of the major antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GuPX, and APX) protects plant cells from the detrimental effect of ROS by scavenging accumulated ROS	Kibria et al. (2017)
High temperature, drought	Triticum aestivum L.	SDS PAGE	CAT and POX	Increased expression of CAT and POX enzymes protects cellular integrity by timely scavenging and detoxifying ROS	Khan and Farzana (2014)
Heavy metal stress (Arsenic)	Oryza sativa L.	Spectrophotometry	SOD, CAT, APX, and POD	Accumulation of antioxidant enzymes confers arsenic stress tolerance by scavenging ROS and reducing oxidative stress	Pooam et al. (2023)