Fig. 1.

Visual depiction of the variety and sources of EVs. EVs encapsulate an array of bioactive entities, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which not only form structural components but also bear specific cellular signatures. Cells from diverse tissue origins employ EVs as vehicles for intercellular communication, releasing them into adjacent body fluids. In humans, a notable proportion of EVs emanate from stem cells. Beyond humans, various organisms, from plants to bacteria, also actively produce and release EVs into their environment