Fig. 3.

Comprehensive role of extracellular vesicles in cancer progression. This diagram delineates the intricate interplay of EVs in various cancer dynamics. Through the transportation of specific EV-associated molecules, they govern a range of tumorigenic processes, including: 1. Invasion and Metastasis: The cargo within EVs can promote the breakdown of extracellular matrix, paving the way for cancer cells to invade surrounding tissues. EVs can impart migratory capabilities to tumor cells, aiding their movement and potential metastatic spread. 2. Angiogenesis: By transmitting pro-angiogenic factors, EVs form new blood vessels, thereby supporting tumor growth and expansion. 3. Immunomodulation: EVs can modulate the TME by influencing the behavior of immune cells, potentially facilitating tumor evasion from immune surveillance