Table 2.
Primary outcomes.
| Group C (n = 45) | Group K (n = 45) | Mean Difference (95 % CI) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| QoR −40 on postoperative Day 1 | ||||
| Total | 151.47 ± 8.35a | 160.91 ± 9.12a | −9.44 (-13.11, −5.78) | <0.001 |
| Physical comfort | 41.60 ± 4.20a | 48.26 ± 5.93a | −6.67 (-8.82, −4.51) | <0.001 |
| Emotional state | 36.42 ± 3.35a | 38.11 ± 1.94a | −1.69 (-2.84, −0.54) | 0.005 |
| Physical independence | 16.73 ± 1.19a | 16.82 ± 1.39a | −0.89 (-0.63,0.45) | 0.745 |
| Psychological support | 29.35 ± 1.26a | 29.31 ± 1.36a | 0.04 (-0.51,0.60) | 0.837 |
| Pain | 27.35 ± 1.91a | 28.40 ± 1.39a | −1.04 (-1.74, −0.35) | 0.004 |
| Postoperative pain scores at rest | ||||
| PACU | 3.07 ± 0.86a | 2.38 ± 0.68a | 0.69 (0.36,1.01) | <0.001c |
| 3 (2–3) [[2], [3], [4], [5]]b | 2 (2–3) [[2], [3], [4], [5]]b | <0.001d | ||
| At 6 h | 3.35 ± 0.93a | 3.00 ± 0.73a | 0.36 (0.00,0.70) | 0.048c |
| 3 (3–4) [[2], [3], [4], [5], [6]]b | 3 (3-3) [[2], [3], [4], [5]]b | 0.047d | ||
| At 24 h | 2.82 ± 0.18a | 2.27 ± 0.58a | 0.56 (0.28,0.82) | <0.001c |
| 3 (2–3) [[1], [2], [3], [4]]b | 2 (2–3) [[1], [2], [3], [4]]b | <0.001d | ||
| At 48 h | 1.68 ± 0.51a | 1.42 ± 0.50a | 0.26 (0.05,0.48) | 0.014c |
| 2 (1–2) [[1], [2], [3]]]b | 1 (1–2) [1,2]b | 0.017d | ||
| Postoperative pain scores on movement rowhead | ||||
| PACU | 5.69 ± 0.82a | 4.91 ± 0.76a | 0.78 (0.45,1.11) | <0.001c |
| 6 (5–6) [[4], [5], [6], [7]]b | 5 (4–5) [[4], [5], [6], [7]]b | <0.001d | ||
| At 6 h | 6.04 ± 0.77a | 5.49 ± 0.69a | 0.56 (0.25,0.86) | 0.001c |
| 6 (5–7) [[5], [6], [7], [8]]b | 5 (5–6) [[4], [5], [6], [7]]b | 0.001d | ||
| At 24 h | 4.11 ± 0.93a | 3.85 ± 0.76a | 0.26 (-0.09,0.61) | 0.006c |
| 4 (3–5) [[3], [4], [5], [6], [7]]b | 4 (3–4) [[2], [3], [4], [5], [6]]b | 0.242d | ||
| At 48 h | 1.80 ± 0.50a | 1.86 ± 0.34a | −0.07 (-0.24,0.11) | 0.466c |
| 2 (1.5–2) [[1], [2], [3]]b | 2 (2-2) [1,2]b | 0.403d | ||
| Postoperative sedation scores | ||||
| PACU | 2.84 ± 0.82a | 2.91 ± 0.63a | −0.07 (-0.37,0.24) | 0.668c |
| 3 (3-3) [[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]]b | 3 (3-3) [[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]]b | 0.875d | ||
| At 6 h | 2.73 ± 0.98a | 2.89 ± 0.68a | −0.16 (-0.51,0.20) | 0.386c |
| 3 (2–3) [[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]]b | 3 (3-3) [[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]]b | 0.448d | ||
| At 24 h | 1.96 ± 0.48a | 2.18 ± 0.44a | −0.11 (-0.27,0.05) | 0.024c |
| 2 (1–2) [[1], [2], [3]]b | 2 (2-2) [[1], [2], [3]]b | 0.026d | ||
| At 48 h | 1.96 ± 0.21a | 1.98 ± 0.15a | −0.02 (-0.10,0.05) | 0.562c |
| 2 (2-2) [1,2]b | 2 (2-2) [1,2]b | 0.559d | ||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; QoR-40, 40-item quality of recovery questionnaire.
Pain scores: VAS 0–10 cm; sedation scores: Ramsay 1-6.
Note:48h: the second 24h (24h–48h).
a mean ± standard deviation; b median (25th – 75th percentiles) [minimum – maximum] of raw data.