(a) The concentration of oligosaccharides in LF (HF-LF, GDM-LF, PDM-LF) and HF (HF–HF, GDM-HF, PDM-HF) groups. (b) The concentration of oligosaccharides in control (LF, HF), GDM (LF, HF), and PDM (LF, HF) groups. Blue points = low-fat diet during lactation, red points = high-fat diet during lactation. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test (LF) or Kruskal Wallis followed by Dunn's multiple comparison test (HF) were used. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.