Table 2.

Relationships between measures of flow intensity (e.g., increasing flow volume, runoff or water velocity, as metrics of high flow conditions) and trait states. The Predicted Relationship column shows a priori predictions based on ecological theory, extracted from 42 sources (listed in Supplemental Table 1). A “mixed” prediction means that some sources suggested a positive relationship and others indicated a negative relationship (i.e. no consensus). Numbers in the None, Positive, and Negative columns are the numbers of relationships reported in 67 papers (listed in Supplemental Table 2).

Trait	Trait state	Predicted Relationship	# of Observed Relationships
			None	Pos	Neg	Total
Armoring	No armoring	Negative	1	2	0	3
Armoring	Poor to Good armoring	Positive	4	0	2	6
Attachment	No attachment	Negative	2	0	0	2
Attachment	Some level of attachment	Positive	4	1	0	5
Body Form	Streamlined/flattened body shape	Mixed	9	1	1	11
Development	Slow, seasonal development	Negative	2	0	0	2
Functional Feeding Group	Collector-filterers	Positive	25	21	7	53
Functional Feeding Group	Collector-gatherer	Negative	21	10	19	50
Functional Feeding Group	Predator	Negative	25	4	15	44
Habit	Burrowers	Negative	5	2	2	9
Habit	Climbers	Negative	4	0	0	4
Habit	Clingers	Positive	8	2	1	11
Habit	Swimmers	Negative	7	0	3	10
Occurrence in Drift	Abundant or Common in drift	Mixed	3	1	0	4
Occurrence in Drift	Rare in drift	Mixed	1	1	0	2
Respiration	Air respiration	Negative	3	1	0	4
Respiration	Tegument respiration	Positive	1	1	2	4
Rheophily	Depositional environment preference	Negative	6	0	2	8
Rheophily	Erosional environment preference	Positive	2	5	1	8
Size	Large size	Negative	3	0	0	3
Size	Medium size	Mixed	2	1	0	3
Size	Small size	Positive	5	0	0	5
Swimming Ability	No swimming ability	Positive	1	0	0	1
Swimming Ability	Strong swimming ability	Negative	1	0	0	1
Thermal Tolerance	Cold stenotherms	Positive	1	1	0	2
Voltinism	Multivoltine	Positive	7	2	0	9
Voltinism	Semivoltine	Negative	2	1	0	3
Voltinism	Univoltine	Negative	2	0	1	3
Total			157	57	56	270