Figure 4.

The effect of pan-coronavirus immunization on CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T- cell function and memory response: FACS plots and bar graphs showing the (A) expression of CD8⁺ T- cell function markers, (B) CD4⁺ T- cell function associated markers, (C) CD8⁺ T effector memory response (CD44⁺CD62L^-), and CD8⁺ T resident memory (CD103⁺CD69⁺) response, and (D) CD4⁺ T effector memory response (CD44⁺CD62L ⁻), and CD4⁺ resident memory (CD103⁺CD69⁺) response in the lung of vaccinated and mock-vaccinated groups of mice infected with multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. Mononuclear cells from lung tissue were collected 14 days post-infection. Bars represent means ± SEM. Data were analyzed by Student’s t-test. Results were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.