Table 3.

Periodontitis Risk by lifestyle factors scoring

		0–1 healthy lifestyle factor	2–3 healthy lifestyle factors			4–6 healthy lifestyle factors			Each additional healthy lifestyle factor
			OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p
Total	Model 1	Ref	0.80	(0.70, 0.91)	< 0.01	0.53	(0.42, 0.67)	< 0.01	0.84	(0.80, 0.89)	< 0.01
	Model 2	Ref	0.74	(0.64, 0.85)	< 0.01	0.50	(0.38, 0.65)	< 0.01	0.82	(0.77, 0.88)	< 0.01
	Model 3	Ref	0.83	(0.71, 0.98)	0.03	0.66	(0.50, 0.87)	< 0.01	0.89	(0.83, 0.96)	< 0.01
Age
< 65	Model 1	Ref	0.71	(0.61, 0.81)	< 0.01	0.42	(0.32, 0.57)	< 0.01	0.78	(0.73, 0.84)	< 0.01
	Model 2	Ref	0.67	(0.57, 0.79)	< 0.01	0.41	(0.29, 0.56)	< 0.01	0.77	(0.72, 0.83)	< 0.01
	Model 3	Ref	0.79	(0.66, 0.95)	0.01	0.60	(0.43, 0.83)	< 0.01	0.86	(0.79, 0.93)	< 0.01
≥ 65	Model 1	Ref	1.34	(0.96, 1.86)	0.08	1.75	(0.99, 3.09)	0.06	1.25	(1.10, 1.42)	< 0.01
	Model 2	Ref	1.30	(0.93, 1.83)	0.12	1.64	(0.91, 2.95)	0.10	1.23	(1.08, 1.40)	< 0.01
	Model 3	Ref	1.23	(0.86, 1.77)	0.25	1.48	(0.80, 2.76)	0.21	1.19	(1.03, 1.38)	0.02
Gender
Male	Model 1	Ref	0.86	(0.70, 1.07)	0.18	0.51	(0.37, 0.70)	< 0.01	0.84	(0.77, 0.92)	< 0.01
	Model 2	Ref	0.82	(0.67, 1.02)	0.08	0.50	(0.37, 0.69)	< 0.01	0.84	(0.77, 0.91)	< 0.01
	Model 3	Ref	0.92	(0.73, 1.18)	0.52	0.65	(0.46, 0.91)	0.01	0.90	(0.82, 0.99)	0.03
Female	Model 1	Ref	0.69	(0.57, 0.85)	< 0.01	0.49	(0.33, 0.73)	< 0.01	0.81	(0.74, 0.88)	< 0.01
	Model 2	Ref	0.67	(0.54, 0.83)	< 0.01	0.51	(0.34, 0.76)	< 0.01	0.81	(0.74, 0.89)	< 0.01
	Model 3	Ref	0.75	(0.60, 0.95)	0.02	0.69	(0.45, 1.05)	0.08	0.88	(0.79, 0.98)	0.02
Education level
Less than high school	Model 1	Ref	0.82	(0.60, 1.11)	0.19	0.43	(0.20, 0.92)	0.03	0.86	(0.74, 1.00)	0.05
	Model 2	Ref	0.76	(0.55, 1.06)	0.10	0.35	(0.15, 0.80)	0.01	0.83	(0.70, 0.98)	0.03
	Model 3	Ref	0.70	(0.50, 0.98)	0.04	0.29	(0.13, 0.65)	< 0.01	0.79	(0.66, 0.94)	< 0.01
High school or higher	Model 1	Ref	0.83	(0.72, 0.96)	0.01	0.58	(0.46, 0.74)	< 0.01	0.86	(0.81, 0.92)	< 0.01
	Model 2	Ref	0.76	(0.65, 0.90)	< 0.01	0.54	(0.41, 0.72)	< 0.01	0.84	(0.79, 0.90)	< 0.01
	Model 3	Ref	0.86	(0.72, 1.02)	0.09	0.69	(0.51, 0.93)	0.01	0.90	(0.84, 0.98)	0.01
Marital status
Married/Living with Partner	Model 1	Ref	0.75	(0.65, 0.87)	< 0.01	0.49	(0.36, 0.67)	< 0.01	0.82	(0.75, 0.89)	< 0.01
	Model 2	Ref	0.69	(0.59, 0.82)	< 0.01	0.47	(0.34, 0.64)	< 0.01	0.80	(0.74, 0.88)	< 0.01
	Model 3	Ref	0.80	(0.65, 0.98)	0.03	0.65	(0.44, 0.95)	0.03	0.89	(0.80, 0.98)	0.02
Widowed/Divorced/Separated/Never married	Model 1	Ref	0.97	(0.76, 1.24)	0.82	0.78	(0.45, 1.34)	0.36	0.97	(0.86, 1.08)	0.53
	Model 2	Ref	0.91	(0.70, 1.19)	0.47	0.73	(0.41, 1.29)	0.27	0.93	(0.83, 1.05)	0.22
	Model 3	Ref	0.93	(0.71, 1.22)	0.60	0.77	(0.42, 1.41)	0.39	0.95	(0.83, 1.08)	0.42
Family income-to-poverty ratio
Low income (≤ 1.85)	Model 1	Ref	1.21	(0.98, 1.50)	0.08	0.96	(0.56, 1.67)	0.89	1.02	(0.91, 1.15)	0.71
	Model 2	Ref	1.14	(0.93, 1.41)	0.21	0.79	(0.46, 1.35)	0.38	0.98	(0.87, 1.09)	0.67
	Model 3	Ref	1.13	(0.92, 1.39)	0.24	0.86	(0.50, 1.46)	0.56	0.98	(0.87, 1.10)	0.75
High income (> 1.85)	Model 1	Ref	0.74	(0.63, 0.88)	< 0.01	0.51	(0.38, 0.69)	< 0.01	0.83	(0.77, 0.90)	< 0.01
	Model 2	Ref	0.69	(0.57, 0.83)	< 0.01	0.50	(0.36, 0.70)	< 0.01	0.83	(0.76, 0.90)	< 0.01
	Model 3	Ref	0.74	(0.60, 0.91)	< 0.01	0.60	(0.43, 0.84)	< 0.01	0.87	(0.80, 0.95)	< 0.01

No covariates were adjusted in Model 1. Model 2 was adjusted for age and gender. Model 3 was adjusted for ethnicity, family income-to-poverty ratio, educational level, and history of diabetes on the base of Model 2. P-values less than 0.05 (p < 0.05) were considered significant. OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval