Fig. 1.

Schematic representation of the various processes and stimuli that trigger neurodegeneration in AD. Redox dyshomeostasis and cellular senescence accompanied by SASP plays a pivotal role in influencing key pathological processes in AD, including mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, increased deposition of metal ions (Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn 2+, Ca2+) as well as Aβ and tau. These processes can also directly contribute to the generation of ROS, thereby exacerbating redox dyshomeostasis. Ultimately, these intricately linked pathways collectively culminate in neurodegeneration observed in AD. (Figure created with BioRender.com).