Table 1.
Effects of CHM in animal models of SNHL.
| CHM | SNHL Model | Effects | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active ingredients of CHM | Triterpenoids | Astragaloside IV | Noise-induced hearing loss in guinea pigs | Reducing iNOS, nitrotyrosine, and active caspase 3 | 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 |
| Ursolic acid | Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in BALB/c mice | Inhibiting TRPV1-oxidative stress pathway | 55, 56, 57 | ||
| Ginsenoside Rb1 | Gentamicin-induced hearing loss in SD rats; cochlear ischemia-induced hearing loss in Mongolian gerbils | Reducing ROS and inhibiting apoptosis | 58, 59, 60 | ||
| Ginsenoside Rd | Noise-induced hearing loss in guinea pigs | Alleviating apoptosis, oxidative stress, and activating SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway | 61 | ||
| Polyphenols | Rosmarinic acid | Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in rat explants; noise-induced hearing loss in Wistar rats | Inhibiting apoptosis and reducing ROS; potentiating Nrf2–ARE signaling pathway | 62, 63, 64 | |
| Curcumin | Gentamicin and sodium salicylates-induced ototoxicity in SD rats | Inhibiting oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation | 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70 | ||
| Resveratrol | Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in mice; kanamycin and furosemide-induced ototoxicity in Wistar rats; noise-induced hearing loss in C57BL/6 mice; age-related hearing loss in C57BL/6 mice | Activating PTEN-PI3K-Akt axis; inhibiting oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation | 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 | ||
| Epicatechin | Radiation-induced ototoxicity in zebrafish and SD rats; cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in SD rats | Inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis | 76,77 | ||
| EGCG | Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in Wistar rats; amikacin and gentamicin-induced hearing loss in zebrafish | Reducing ROS and inhibiting ERK1/2 and STAT1; inhibiting apoptosis | 78,79 | ||
| Flavonoids | Galangin | Amikacin-induced ototoxicity in ICR mouse cochlear explants | Inhibiting oxidative stress | 80, 81, 82 | |
| Luteolin | Hydrogen peroxide-induced cellular senescence model in HEI-OC1 | Promoting sirtuin 1 expression and inhibiting oxidative stress | 83 | ||
| Hesperetin | Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in Wistar rats | Increasing antioxidant enzymes and reducing oxidant parameters | 84 | ||
| Puerarin | Noise-induced hearing loss in C57 mice; gentamicin-induced ototoxicity in C57BL/6J mice | Regulating the expression of PKCγ and GABABR; reducing ROS and inhibiting mitochondria-dependent apoptosis | 85, 86, 87 | ||
| Terpenoids | Ginkgolide B | Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in SD rats | Reducing ROS and inhibiting mitochondrial apoptosis | 88 | |
| Oleuropein | Noise-induced hearing loss in Wistar rats | Reducing ABR hearing threshold shifts and attenuating SGN damage | 89 | ||
| Oridonin | Noise-induced hearing loss in C57 mice; kanamycin-induced hearing loss in Kunming mice | Inhibiting NLRP3-inflammasome activation and caspase-1/GSDMD-related hair cell pyroptosis | 90,91 | ||
| Saccharides | LBP | Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in SD rats | Reducing ROS and maintaining mitochondrial potential | 92,93 | |
| Extracts of single CHM | Salvia miltiorrhiza | Gentamicin and cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in guinea pigs | Decreasing iNOS and caspase-3 expression | 94, 95, 96 | |
| Ginkgo biloba | Gentamicin-induced ototoxicity in guinea pigs; cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in Wistar rats; noise-induced hearing loss in SD rats | Reducing ROS and NO and inhibiting apoptosis | 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102 | ||
| Astragalus membranaceus | Noise-induced hearing loss in guinea pigs | Reducing the change of connexin 26 in stria vascularis | 103,104 | ||
| Rehmannia glutinosa | Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in HEI-OC1 cells | Increasing activity of antioxidant enzymes; inhibiting lipid peroxidation and scavenging activities of free radicals | 106, 107, 108 | ||
| Curculigo orchioides | Cisplatin and noise-induced hearing loss in ICR mice | Inhibiting lipid peroxidation and scavenging activities against free radicals | 109, 110, 111 | ||
| CHM prescriptions | Erlong Zuoci | Age-related hearing loss in C57 mice; gentamicin-induced ototoxicity in Kunming mice | Inhibiting mitochondrial apoptosis | 112, 113, 114 | |
| Jian Er | Age-related hearing loss in C57 mice | Inhibiting oxidative stress and mitochondrial apoptosis | 119 | ||