Table 1.
The Anti-Ulcerative Properties of Various Plants in Preclinical Studies
| Medicinal Plants Authority (family), Collected In, Year | Plant Part, and Extraction Method (Solvent Used) | Animal Used in the Preclinical study (n) | Inducement Method and Dose | Control (Negative and Positive) | Duration (Days) | Results | Interpretation | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) | ||||||||
| Annona muricata L. (Annonaceae); Ceara, Brazil; 2015 | Leaves; Maceration (Ethanol) | In vivo on male and female albino mice (Mus musculus), weight 20–30g (n= 48). | Absolute ethanol and indomethacin (NSAID) | Vehicle (saline, 0.1 mL/kg p.o) as a negative control and Omeprazole (30 mg/kg p.o) as a positive control. |
1 | The extract at doses of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg produced a significant reduction in lesion area of 92.89%, 94.13%, 97.79%, and 96.55%, respectively. The dose of 200 mg/kg is the most effective in reducing the incidence of ulcers by 94.13%, and at 400 mg/kg decreased the incidence of ulcers significantly by 91.67% (p < 0.05). The extract at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg was more effective than the standard drug (omeprazole). |
Strong activity | [11] |
| Arctium lappa L. (Asteraceae); Parana, Brazil; 2013 | Roots; Percolation (Ethanol 96%) | In vivo on female Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) weight 180–200g (n=N/A) | Bethanechol, Pentagastrin (NSAID), and Histamine | Vehicle (water 1 mL/kg i.d.) as a negative control and Ranitidine (50 mg/kg i.d.) as a positive control. |
1 | The extract at a dose of 1000 µg/kg prevented the increase of gastric secretion in pylorus-ligated rats stimulated by bethanechol, histamine, or pentagastrin. The extract at a dose of 10 mg/kg i.d decreased the acidity of gastric secretion stimulated by bethanechol, histamine, or pentagastrin. |
Strong activity | [12] |
| Artemisia absinthium L. (Asteraceae); Santa Catarina, Brazil; 2019 | Aerial parts; Maceration (Water) | In vivo on female Wistar rats (R. norvegicus) weight 280–300g, age 3–4 months old (n=48). | Ethanol | Vehicle (water 10 mL/kg) as a negative control and Omeprazole (20 mg/kg) as a positive control. | 1 | The extract at doses of 3%; 10% and 30% presented a gastroprotective effect in the submucosa layer reducing the lesion area by 64.68%, 53.71%, and 90.04%, respectively. | Strong activity | [13] |
| Bryophyllum pinnatum L. (Crassulaceae); Dschang, Cameroon; 2015 | Leaves; Maceration (Methanol) | In vivo on Swiss mice (M. musculus) weight 17–23 g (n= 60) | Inoculation of H. pylori bacteria | Vehicle (200 µL of a sterile solution of 0.25% Tween 80) and inoculation of H. pylori bacteria as a negative control group and Ciprofloxacin (500 mg/kg) as a positive control group | 7 | The extract showed significant anti-Helicobacter activity (p < 0.05) with MIC and MBC values of 32 and 256 lg/mL, respectively. A combination of extract and ciprofloxacin reduced H. pylori colonization of gastric tissue from 100% to 17%. The extract (85.91 ± 52.91 CFU) and standard (25.74 ± 16.15 CFU) also significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the bacterial load of gastric mucosa as compared to untreated infected mice (11,883 ± 1831 CFU). |
Strong activity | [14] |
| Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae); Brazil; 2019 | Leaves; Infusion (Distilled Water) | In vivo on female Wistar rats (R. norvegicus) weight 200–250 g, age 80 days old (n=56). | Piroxicam (NSAID) ethanol, and acetic acid | Vehicle (water 1 mL/kg P.O.) as a negative control and Omeprazole (40 mg/kg P.O.) as a positive control. | 14 | The extract at doses of 30 or 300 mg/kg prevented ulcers in the ethanol and piroxicam-induced acute. At a dose of 300 mg/kg, the extract also sped up the healing of acetic acid-induced ulcers in rats’ stomachs by 48%. Ultrasonography records show that the extract reduced the thickness of the ulcerous lesions’ walls and the amount of swelling around them. C. sylvestris extract helped rat stomachs heal faster by lowering MPO and NAG activities at ulcers caused by acetic acid. It also lowered nitrate and LOOH levels, raised mucin and SOD activity, and partially restored GSH levels. |
Strong activity | [15] |
| Ceiba speciosa A. St.-Hil. (Malvaceae); Lajeado, Brazil; 2014 | Stem bark; Maceration (Solution of 90% Ethanol) | In vivo on Wistar rats (R. norvegicus) weight 150–380 g (n=63). | Ethanol | Vehicle (1 mL saline p.o) as a negative control and Omeprazole (40 mg/kg) as a positive control. | 7 | C. speciosa A. St.-Hil. extract at dose (20, 40, 80, 400 mg/Kg) reduced the release of TNF-α in human blood and inhibited the activity of p38α, JAK3, and JNK3. Moreover, it reduced the leukocyte recruitment on the pouch exudate and the formation of edema. The extract presented a significant prevention of ulcer formation and a higher reduction than the control drug. In this case reported p-values below the conventional threshold of 0.05, ie 0.01 which indicates a statistically significant result, compared to vehicle and control group. | Strong activity | [16] |
| Cinnamomum glanduliferum Wall. (Lauraceae); Cairo, Egypt, 2014. | Leaves; Hydro distillation (Water) | In vivo on male Wistar albino rats (R. norvegicus) weight 150–170 g (n=60) | Ethanol | Vehicle (1 mL normal saline p.o) as a negative control and Indomethacin (10 mg/kg) as a positive control. | 4 hours | Leaves extract at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.05) reduced paw volume to 94, 82 and 69%, respectively, significantly reduced COX-2 activity to 73.8, 50.7 and 21.4 nmol/min/mL, respectively. C. glanduliferum oil exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) modulatory effect on ethanol-induced gastritis in rats as the level of NO reduced to 32, 37 and 41 lM nitrate/g, a significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of lipid peroxidation via reduction of MDA concentration (1.15, 1.11, and 1.04 nmol/g). |
Strong activity | [17] |
| Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. (Polygonaceae); Mirpur, Pakistan; 2022 | Leaves; Maceration; Methanol | In vivo on white albino rats (R. norvegicus) weight 150–250 g (n=50) | Ethanol | Vehicle (10 mL/kg distilled water) as a negative control and Omeprazole (20 mg/kg) as a positive control. | 14 | The leaf extract at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg reduced acidity and protected the stomach mucosa wall. | Strong activity | [18] |
| Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae); Kerman, Iran; 2013 | Leaves; Maceration (Methanol) | In vivo on male Wistar rats (R. norvegicus) weight 200–250g (n=8) | Indomethacin (NSAID) | Vehicle (1 mL saline P.O.) as a negative control and Ranitidine (25 mg/kg) as a positive control. | 2 | The ulcer index was lower in the indomethacin (1.3±0.09 and 1.5±0.19, respectively) compared to the control rats (2.5±0.28). The extract at a dose of 450 mg/kg did not prevent indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration (2.4 ± 0.26). There was no significant difference in the ulcer index for MO extract (150 and 300 mg/kg) and ranitidine-treated rats. |
Weak activity | [19] |
| Phyllanthus niruri L. (Phyllanthaceae); Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2015 | Leaves; Maceration (Methanol) | In vivo on female Swiss albino rats (R. norvegicus) weight 120–150 g (n=36) | Ethanol | Vehicle (5 mL/kg distilled water, P.O. + 25 mL/kg of 0.3 M HCl in 60% ethanol) as a negative control and Omeprazole (20 mg/kg) as a positive control. | 1 | The extract at doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.05) exhibited a reduction of 69.59, 74.32 and 80.40%, respectively in the ethanol- acid induced gastric erosion in all the experimental groups when compared to the control. | Strong activity | [20] |
| Ulcerative Colitis (UC) | ||||||||
| Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae); Paraíba, Brazil, 2014. | Leaves; Percolation (Absolute Ethanol) | In vivo on male Wistar rats (R. norvegicus) weight 180–250 g (n=35) | Indomethacin (NSAID) and ethanol | Injured control (0.9% NaCl solution) as a negative control and Lansoprazole (30 mg/kg) as a positive control. | 14 | The extract reduced the area of ulcerative lesions induced by ethanol in 23.8, 90.3, and 90.2%, respectively. In NSAID model, the extract induced protection of 36.8, 49.4, and 49.9%, respectively. GA (10 mg/kg) or EA (7 mg/kg) or the association of GA+ EA (10 + 7 mg/kg) inhibited the ethanol-induced lesions in 71.8, 70.9, and 94.9%., respectively, indicating synergistic action. The extract (100 mg/kg) decreased acid secretion and H+ concentration in the gastric contents, increased levels of mucus, and showed to be dependent of −SH groups and NO on the protection of the gastric mucosa. |
Strong activity | [21] |
| Tagetes erecta L. (Asteraceae); Campinas, Brazil; 2019 | Flowers; Hydroalcoholic (Methanol-Water) | In vivo on male Swiss mice (M. musculus) weight 20–30 g (n=36) | DSS (Dextran Sulfate Sodium) | Vehicle (10 mL/kg distilled water, P.O. + 1% Tween 80) as a negative control and 5-ASA (100 mg/kg p.o) as a positive control. | 9 | The colitis group treated with T. erecta L. (300 mg/kg, once a day for 9 days) presented a weight loss of 11%. The extract reduced the colon shortening by 16% in relation to the vehicle-treated colitis group, reduced IL-6 levels by 26%, increased the GSH availability by 22%. |
Strong activity | [22] |
| Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae); Brazil; 2010 | Leaves; Percolation (Absolute Ethanol) | In vivo on male Wistar rats (R. norvegicus) weight 180–250 g (n=35). | Ethanol | Vehicle (10 mL/kg saline) as a negative control and Lansoprazole (30 mg/kg) as a positive control. | 14 | The extract at a dose of 25 mg/kg greatly reduced the number of ulcerative sores caused by ethanol, activated protective factors for the mucosa, such as the nitric oxide (NO) pathway and endogenous prostaglandins. Oral treatment with extracts for seven and 14 days significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the lesion area (80% and 37%, respectively) compared to the negative control group |
Strong activity | [23] |
| Amphiterygium adstringens (Schltdl.) (Anacardiaceae); San Rafael, United States; 2013 | Bark; Maceration (Ethanol) | In vivo on albino mice (Bagg Albino), age 6–8 weeks (n= 24). | DSS (Dextran sulfate sodium) | Untreated as the negative control. | 10 | The extract at dose 200 mg/kg lowered the levels of TNF-α (321.5 ± 24.75 pg/mL), IFN-γ (183.3 ± 12.02 pg/mL) and IL-1β (227.6 ± 8.66 pg/mL) compared to control group. The extract also decreased the infiltration of inflammatory cells as well as the damage to the colon’s mucosa. The extract showed induce a wide range of activities like reducing oxidative stress, suppressing inflammation, modulating multiple signal transduction pathways, and inducing apoptosis. |
Strong activity | [24] |
| Anneslea fragrans Wall. (Pentaphylacaceae); Yunan, China; 2020 | Leave; Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (Methanol) | In vivo on Kunming mice (M. musculus Km.) weight 21–23 g (n=20). | Bethanechol | Vehicle (distilled water + DSS 2.5%, w/v) as a negative control and Sulfasalazine (450 mg/kg) as a control positive | 14 |
A. fragrans Wall. extract at doses of 1000 mg/kg; 2000 mg/kg; 5000 mg/kg enhanced the levels of IL4 and IL10 and decreased the levels of IL6, IL1β, and TNF-α. Furthermore, in colon tissue, the extract significantly blocked the phosphorylation of the target protein of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. |
Strong activity | [25] |
| Belamcanda chinensis L. (Iridaceae); Poland; 2014 | Rhizome; Maceration; Methanol | In vivo on Wistar rats (R. norvegicus) weight 160–220 g (n= 79) | TNBS (Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid) | Vehicle (Distilled water and TNBS solution 0.3 mL/kg) as a negative control and for the positive control is not applicable. | 16 |
B. chinensis L. exerted a protective effect, lowering the intensity of damage produced by TNBS acid. The extract at the doses of 30 and 100 mg/kg reduced the macro- and microscopic damage score and the MDA level in colon tissues, and at the dose of 100 mg/kg showed a lower TNF-a and IL-17 concentrations, and SOD activity in colon tissues. |
Strong activity | [26] |
| Berberis lycium Royle (Berberidaceae) | Fruits; Percolation (Water) | In vivo on albino mice (Bagg Albino) weight 10–23 g and age 6–8 weeks old (n= 30) | Bethanechol | Vehicle (Distilled water and DSS solution 3.5%) as a negative control and 5-aminosalicylic acid (ASA) (250 mg/kg) as a positive control | 14 |
B. lycium Royle extract treatment significantly improved survival rates, DAI score, colon length, and structural damage in DSS-exposed mice. It decreased oxi-inflammatory markers and Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines expression, while enhancing tight junction proteins, IgA levels, and anti-inflammatory cytokines. It modulated intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis, inhibiting inflammatory signaling pathways and increasing Treg cell proliferation. |
Strong activity | [27] |
| Brucea javanica L. (Simaroubaceae); Guangdong, China; 2018 | Fruits | In vivo on male Sprague Dawley (R. norvegicus) weight 210–230 g, Age 7 weeks old (n= 12). | TNBS (Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid) | Vehicle (distilled water and TNBS solution 25 mg/kg) as a negative control and Azathioprine (9 mg/kg) for the positive control. | 7 | The extract significantly (p < 0.050) reduced the mucosal damage to the colon, including edema, hyperemia, thickening of the bowel wall, erosions of the mucosa, and ulcers, significantly restored the colon length and body weight, reduced disease activity index (DAI) and colon pathology, decreased histological scores, diminished oxidative stress, and suppressed TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, NF-kB p65 protein expressions in TNBS-induced UC. | Strong activity | [28] |
| Canna x generalis (Cannaceae); Giza, Egypt; 2018 | Rhizome; Sonication (Methanol) | In vivo on Swiss albino mice (B. albino) weight 20–25 g (n= 30). | DSS | Vehicle (distilled water and 0.5% CMC_Na) as a negative control and Sulphasalazine (200 mg/kg) as a positive control. | 7 | The extract restored intestinal mucosal barrier, reduced oxidative stress, the inflammatory cascade, and the activation of the NF-ΡB/TLR4 and NLRP3 pathways in colonic tissues. | Medium activity | [29] |
| Centella asiatica L. (Apiaceae); Guangdong, China; 2018 | Leaves; Reflux; Ethanol | In vivo on albino mice (B. albino) weight 22–24 g and age 8 weeks old (n= 48) | Bethanechol | Vehicle (Distilled water 3%) as a negative control and 5-aminosalicylic acid (ASA) (400 mg/kg) as a positive control. | 7 | The extract at dose 100, 200, 400 mg/kg improved intestinal motility, was able to modify the gut microbiome of the mice that were in pain, by reducing the abundance of colitis-associated genera like Helicobacter, Jeotgalicoccus, and Staphylococcus, altered the community and enhanced α-diversity. | Strong activity | [30] |
| Eucheuma cottonii (Solieriaceae); Sabah, Malaysia; 2018 | Seaweed; Maceration; Ethanol | In vivo on albino mice (B. albino) age 6 weeks old (n= 48) | Bethanechol | Vehicle (distilled water 3%) as a negative control and Curcumin (0.10 kg) as a positive control. | 7 | The extracts raised IL-10 levels, decreased colonic damage, and reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Consequently, the extract decreased DSS-induced intestinal inflammation, making it a viable option for the treatment of colitis. |
Medium activity | [31] |
| Evodia rutaecarpa (Rutaceae) Juss.; Chengdu, China; 2018 | Fruits | In vivo on C57BL/6 mice (M. musculus) weight 21–23 g (n=48). | Acetic acid | Vehicle (distilled water 2.5% and DSS 2.5% dissolved in water) as a negative control. | 15 | The extract restored the equilibrium of Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli, lowered the concentration of plasmatic lipopolysaccharide (LPS), prevented UC as well as having a possible protective impact on colitis caused by DSS. | Strong activity | [32] |
| Forsythia koreana (Oleaceae); Yong-In, Korea; 2015 | Flowers | In vivo on mice (M. musculus) (n=12). | DSS | Vehicle (distilled water Contained DSS 4% dissolved in water) as a negative control and 5-aminosalicylic acid (ASA) (75 mg/kg) as a positive control. | 7 | At dose of 20 mg/kg the extract reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells such prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nitric oxide (NO), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The extract also reduced the symptoms of colitis in mice with DSS-induced colitis, inhibited inflammatory responses by downregulating JAK/STAT, NF-κB, and AP-1 signaling. |
Strong activity | [33] |
| Garcinia kola (Clusiaceae); Ibadan, Nigeria; 2013 | Seeds; Soxhlet; Petroleum ether | In vivo on Wistar rats (R. norvegicus) weight 180–200 g and age 10–12 weeks old (n= 36). | DSS | Corn oil (2 mL/kg) as a negative control and Sulfasalazine (500mg/kg) as a positive control. | 5 | G. kola extract significantly prevented the increase in these inflammatory mediators in the colon of DSS-treated rats, also significantly modulated DSS-induced decrease in body weight gain as well as prevented incidence of diarrhea and bleeding. There was a significant (p < 0.05) elevation in the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in rats exposed to DSS alone when compared with the control group. | Strong activity | [34] |
| Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae); Xinjiang; China. | Seeds; Water-Ethanol | In vivo on female C57BL/6 mice (M. musculus) weight 18–20 g and age 8 weeks old (n= 4) | DSS | Vehicle (distilled water Contained DSS 200µL dissolved in 0.01 mol/L phosphate-buffered saline) as a negative control and for the positive control is not applicable. | 6 | The extract treated mucosal injury, inflammatory infiltration, bloody stools, diarrhea, and weight loss, may lessen IEC apoptosis by downregulating the mRNA expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α as well as the phosphorylation of STAT3. There was a significant (p < 0.05) elevation in the levels of cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α also (p < 0.05) treated the effects of UC when compared with the control group. | Medium activity | [35] |
| Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. (Apocynaceae); Egypt; 2014 | Leaves; Ethanol | In vivo on Wistar albino rats (R. novergicus) weight 250–280g, age 12 weeks old (n= 42). | Acetic acid | Vehicle (distilled water contained acetic acid solution 200µL 4%) as a negative control and Mesalazamine (300 mg/kg) for the positive control. | 7 | The extract significantly (p < 0.05) preserved the mucosal content and inhibited the oxidative and inflammatory response, increased colonic weights compared to control group, showed antioxidant activities, and inhibited acetic acid in colons and showed marked increase in SOD activity compared to control group. The extract significantly (p < 0.05) lower levels of IL-1b, TNF-α, and IL-6 compared to the animals in vehicle group. |
Strong activity | [36] |
| Ilex kudingcha C.J. Tseng (Aquifoliaceae); Chongqing, China; 2012 | Leaves; Maceration; Methanol | In vivo on male C57BL/6 mice (M. musculus) age 6 weeks (n=24) | DSS | Vehicle (normal saline 0.9%) as a negative control and for the positive control is not applicable. | 7 | The extract at dose 50 and 200 mg/kg, respectively, decreased the colonic MDA levels of 0.79±0.07 and 0.63±0.07 nmol/mg protein, reduced the expression of the iNOS and COX-2 genes. Furthermore, the extract significantly (p < 0.05) and dose-dependently decreased the levels of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA. |
Strong activity | [37] |
| Morinda citrifolia L. (Rubiaceae); State of Ceara, Brazil; 2019 | Fruits; Distiled water | In vivo on male Swiss mice (M. musculus) weight 25–30 g (n= 36) | Acetic acid | Vehicle (normal saline 0.9%) as a negative control and Dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) for the positive control. | 18 hours | The extract decreased the macroscopic lesions compared to vehicle group, the extract also reduction wet weight of the colon as well. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory cytokines, MPO activity, GSH, MDA, NO3/NO2, and COX-2 expression levels decreased. |
Strong activity | [38] |
| Olea europaea Hoffmannsegg (Oleaceae); 2021 | Leaves | In vivo on male albino rats (R. norvegicus) age 6–8 weeks old (n=35). | Histamine | Untreated (No induced by AA) as negative control and for the positive control is not applicable. | 7 | The extract demonstrated efficacy in lowering the disease activity index (DAI) and death rate, reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in colon tissue was also demonstrated by the extract, which resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as a significant reduction in colon MDA, MPO, and NO levels as well as an elevation in SOD, CAT, and GPX levels. | Strong activity | [39] |
| Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc. (Polygonaceae); Pakistan; 2013 | Whole plant | In vivo on Sprague-Dawley rats (R. norvegicus) weight 150–200 g (n=36) | Acetic acid | Vehicle (sodium carboxy methyl cellulose suspension 1%) as a negative control and Ranitidine (50 mg/kg) for the positive control Ranitidine. | 4 | The extract decreased the pH of the gastric juice when compared to the vehicle-treated controls, exhibited a marked gastroprotective effect in the aspirin-induced pyloric ligation ulcerogenesis model. The extract at doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg afforded significant anti-ulcerogenic proclivity (P < 0.05) evidenced by non-significant changes in the ulcerative biochemical parameters. |
Medium activity | [40] |
| Tagetes erecta (Asteraceae); Campinas, Brazil; 2019 | Flowers Hydroalcoholic; Methanol-Water (9:1) | In vivo on male Swiss mice weight 20–30 gr (n=36). | DSS | Vehicle (10 mL/kg water + 1% Tween 80) contained DSS as a negative control and 5-aminosalicylic acid (ASA) (100 mg/kg) for the positive control Ranitidine | 9 | The extract reduced the ulcerated area by 66%, expedited the healing of stomach ulcers, increased GST activity and mucin quantity, decreased LOOH levels, SOD, CAT, and MPO activities, and decreased the lesion area in the recurrence model by 94%, decreased the thickness of the stomach wall and TNF levels, and raised the amount of IL-10. | Strong activity | [41] |
| Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae); 2018 | Root; Water | In vivo on C57BL/6 mice (M. musculus) aged 6–8 weeks old (n= 40) | Bethanechol | Vehicle (water 2% w/v contained DSS) as a negative control and for the positive control is not applicable. | 10 | The extract effectively reduces progressive acute injury as evidenced by decreased body weight loss, reduced disease index severity scores, and shorter colon length during DSS treatment. It also lessens oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions in the colon of DSS-induced mice. The extract has the potential to be an effective anti-colitis complex mixture. |
Strong activity | [42] |
| Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae); Varnasi; 2012 | Fruits; Maceration Ethanol | In vivo on Inbred Charles-Foster (CF) strain albino rats (R. norvegicus) weight 150–170 g (n= N/A) | Acetic acid | Vehicle (carboxy methyl cellulose 1.0% in distilled water) contained DSS as a negative control and Sulfasalazine (100 mg/kg) for the positive control Ranitidine | 14 | The extract shown antibacterial activity and increased antioxidant levels while lowering free radicals and myeloperoxidase activity in colitis caused by acetic acid. | Strong activity | [43] |
| Aphthous Ulcer | ||||||||
| Morinda citrifolia L. (Rubiaceae); Indonesia; 2017 | Leaves; Maceration: Ethanol 96% | In vivo on Wistar rats (R. norvegicus) | Using a 3 mm diameter burnisher touched on the labial mucosa below the rate for one second. | Vehicle (distilled water) as a negative control and triamcinolone acetonide (0.1%) for the positive control. | 10 | The extract has no significant effect on healing percentage compared to control groups with p = 0.138 and 0.694 (p > 0.05), recovery day for treat group was eighth day and for each control groups were tenth day. | Weak activity | [44] |