Table 4.
Summary of Regression Results Comparing Individual Prenatal Care to Group Prenatal Care in Subgroups of Participants
| Nulliparous | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome measure | n | Individual Prenatal Care CA ITT [95% CI] |
Group Prenatal Care CA ITT [95% CI] |
p |
| Prenatal distress score change from survey 1 to 2 | 780 | −2.16 [−2.96, −1.34] | −0.80 [−2.20, 0.60] | 0.15 |
| Prenatal anxiety score change from survey 1 to 2 | 820 | 0.02 [−0.31, 0.35] | 0.48 [−0.09, 1.06] | 0.23 |
| Prenatal depression score change from survey 1 to 2 | 761 | −0.84 [−1.48, −0.18] | 0.86 [−0.22, 1.94] | 0.02 |
| Prenatal coping strategies score at survey 2 | 827 | 31.58[30.74, 32.42] | 31.54 [30.09, 32.97] | 0.12 |
| Stress management practices score at survey 2 | 821 | 1.76 [1.69, 1.81] | 1.65 [1.54, 1.75] | 0.13 |
| Pregnancy-Related Empowerment score at survey 2 | 815 | 2.51 [2.45, 2.55] | 2.41 [2.32, 2.49] | 0.11 |
| Black | ||||
| Outcome measure | n | Individual Prenatal Care CA ITT [95% CI] |
Group Prenatal Care CA ITT [95% CI] |
p |
| Prenatal distress score change from survey 1 to 2 | 722 | −1.29 [−2.13, −0.44] | 0.45 [−0.91, 1.81] | 0.06 |
| Prenatal anxiety score change from survey 1 to 2 | 735 | 0.05 [−0.30, 0.4] | 0.38 [−0.19, 0.96] | 0.39 |
| Prenatal depression score change from survey 1 to 2 | 687 | −0.77 [−1.44, −0.08] | 0.86[−0.21, 1.94] | 0.03 |
| Prenatal coping strategies score at survey 2 | 742 | 28.83 [27.90, 29.74] | 31.66 [30.16, 33.14] | 0.01 |
| Stress management practices score at survey 2 | 737 | 1.72 [1.65, 1.78] | 1.60 [1.49, 1.7] | 0.08 |
| Pregnancy-Related Empowerment score at survey 2 | 739 | 2.50 [2.44, 2.55] | 2.48 [2.38, 2.56] | 0.69 |
| Unintended and Ambivalent About Pregnancy | ||||
| Outcome measure | n | Individual Prenatal Care CA ITT [95% CI] |
Group Prenatal Care CA ITT [95% CI] |
p |
| Prenatal distress score change from survey 1 to 2 | 628 | −1.72 [−2.61, −0.82] | −0.65 [−2.15, 0.85] | 0.29 |
| Prenatal anxiety score change from survey 1 to 2 | 654 | −0.07 [−0.44, 0.29] | −0.26 [−0.88, 0.37] | 0.67 |
| Prenatal depression score change from survey 1 to 2 | 608 | −1.39 [−2.09, −0.68] | −0.28 [−1.45, 0.89] | 0.16 |
| Prenatal coping strategies score at survey 2 | 656 | 27.40 [26.42, 28.38] | 29.50 [27.84, 31.14] | 0.06 |
| Stress management practices score at survey 2 | 652 | 1.62 [1.55, 1.69] | 1.44 [1.33, 1.55] | 0.02 |
| Pregnancy-Related Empowerment score at survey 2 | 649 | 2.46 [2.40, 2.51] | 2.43 [2.33, 2.52] | 0.68 |
| Lacked Partner Support | ||||
| Outcome measure | n | Individual Prenatal Care CA ITT [95% CI] |
Group Prenatal Care CA ITT [95% CI] |
p |
| Prenatal distress score change from survey 1 to 2 | 626 | −1.19 [−2.09, −0.28] | −0.88 [−2.38, 0.62] | 0.76 |
| Prenatal anxiety score change from survey 1 to 2 | 654 | −0.07 [−0.44, 0.3] | 0.33 [−0.29, 0.94] | 0.34 |
| Prenatal depression score change from survey 1 to 2 | 608 | −0.40 [−1.12, 0.32] | 0.38 [−0.78, 1.54] | 0.32 |
| Prenatal coping strategies score at survey 2 | 663 | 25.48 [24.5, 26.45] | 29.75 [28.15, 31.35] | <0.001 |
| Stress management practices score at survey 2 | 659 | 1.51 [1.44, 1.57] | 1.41 [1.3, 1.51] | 0.18 |
| Pregnancy-Related Empowerment score at survey 2 | 658 | 2.40 [2.34, 2.46] | 2.43 [2.33, 2.52] | 0.68 |
| Lacked Family Support | ||||
| Outcome measure | n | Individual Prenatal Care CA ITT [95% CI] |
Group Prenatal Care CA ITT [95% CI] |
p |
| Prenatal distress score change from survey 1 to 2 | 273 | −0.13 [−1.50, 1.23] | −0.01 [−2.36, 2.35] | 0.94 |
| Prenatal anxiety score change from survey 1 to 2 | 290 | 0.19 [−0.38, 0.75] | −0.26 [−1.23, 0.72] | 0.50 |
| Prenatal depression score change from survey 1 to 2 | 262 | −0.65 [−1.73, 0.44] | −1.60 [−3.53, 0.34] | 0.46 |
| Prenatal coping strategies score at survey 2 | 288 | 26.24 [24.76, 27.72] | 27.92 [25.29, 30.56] | 0.34 |
| Stress management practices score at survey 2 | 287 | 1.41 [1.31, 1.51] | 1.58 [1.40, 1.76] | 0.15 |
| Pregnancy-Related Empowerment score at survey 2 | 285 | 2.32 [2.23, 2.41] | 2.45 [2.30, 2.61] | 0.20 |
Note. CA ITT = contamination adjusted intent to treat effect. Scale used for each measure: prenatal distress = updated Prenatal Distress Questionnaire (NUPDQ); prenatal anxiety = Pregnancy Specific Anxiety Scale (PSAS); prenatal depression = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) Scale; use of coping strategies = Revised Prenatal Coping Inventory (R-PCI) Scale; stress management practices score = Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II; pregnancy empowerment score = Pregnancy-Related Empowerment Scale. Each sub analysis included the entire analytic sample (see Table 3 for n associated with each measure); the n in Table 4 represents the number of participants in each subgroup.