TABLE 1.

Characteristics of the included randomized clinical trials and the risk of bias.

Author	Country	Population	Description of differentiated service delivery (DSD) model
			Control	Intervention
Cassidy et al. (2020)13	South Africa	Adults (>18 years)	The standard of care (SoC)- adherence clubs (ACs); two-monthly refills	ACs; (six monthly ART refills)
Fatti et al. (2021)26	Zimbabwe and Lesotho	Adults (≥18 years)	SoC; three-monthly refill	Three-monthly community antiretroviral refill and, six-monthly community ART group
Fatti et al. (2020)30	Zimbabwe	Adults (≥18 years)	SoC; three-monthly refill	Three-monthly community antiretroviral refill and, six-monthly community ART group
Barnabas et al. (2020)25	South Africa and Uganda	Adults (≥18 years)	SoC with quarterly monitoring and ART refills	Community-based ART initiation and hybrid (community and clinic) quarterly monitoring and ART refills through mobile vans
Ferrand et al. (2017)24	Zimbambwe	Children and adolescents (6–15 years)	SoC	Community-based HIV service
Fox et al. (2021)31	South Africa	Adults (≥18 years)	SoC	ACs
Fox et al. (2019)12	South Africa	Adults (≥18 years)	SoC	ACs
Goodrich et al. (2021)27	Kenya	Adults (≥18 years)	SoC	Community-based HIV service
Hanrahan et al. (2019)14	South Africa	Adults (≥18 years)	Clinic-based ACs	Community-based ACs
Hickey et al. (2020)20	Kenya	Adults (≥18 years)	SoC	Community microclinic social network
Limbada et al. (2022)28	Zambia	Adults (≥18 years)	SoC	Home-based ART delivery and ACs
Mavhu et al. (2020)21	Zimbambwe	Adolescents and adults (13–19 years)	SoC	Community model with peer-support
Myer et al. (2022)22	South Africa	Adults postpartum women (≥18 years)	SoC	ACs
Odayar et al. (2022)23	South Africa	Adults	SoC	ACs
Roy et al. (2020)11	Zambia	Adolescents and adults (≥14 years)	SoC	ACs
Zerbe et al. (2020)29	South Africa	Adults postpartum women	SoC	ACs