Figure 1. Design of geometrically mismatched scaffolds to treat critical-sized periorbital bone defects in a porcine model.

(A) CT scans of the porcine skulls were acquired pre-operatively and used as a template to design scaffolds. Native anatomy of the periorbital zygomatic bone was digitally mirrored along the coronal plane to introduce geometric mismatch at the defect site. (B) Treatment of 2 cm full thickness segmental defects in the zygomatic bone of Yucatan minipigs with geometrically mismatched scaffolds in combination with autologous SVF isolated from adipose tissue harvested from dorsal lumbar region of the animals. CT scans of the defect site and post-operative analysis are used to analyze and correlate bone regeneration pattern with anatomical accuracy of the reconstruction therapy. (C) Varying degree of post-operative geometric mismatch was obtained at the defect site post-reduction. Representative images demonstrating distinct spatial regenerative patterns of bone in defects with dissimilar post-operative geometric mismatch. Colored arrows convey orientation: dorsal (red), ventral (yellow), rostral (blue) and caudal (green). Scale bar = 2 cm. Created with BioRender.com.