Table 1.

Advantages and disadvantages of portable traceability technologies.

Technology	Advantage	Disadvantage	Ref
Vibrational spectroscopy	Simple, low cost, portable, no or minimum sample preparation, robust, rapid	Unrealistic measurement due to low resolution, narrow wave number, and interference from environmental and food intrinsic factors	[25,26]
Array sensors	Simple, low cost and no need of chemical reagents, multi analysis	Unstable sensor due to environmental factors (temperature, humidity) and other gases in the air.	[27]
Microfluidic system	Simple, rapid, minimum sample consumption, multi-functional integration, small size, multiplex detection and portability	Disposable leading to high detection cost, require high technology (e.g. antibody immobilization), difficult integration of microfluidic chips and peripheral devices	[28, 29]
IoT, blockchain, and radio frequency identification (RFID)	Simple, decentralized data management, guaranteed data security, simultaneous data integration, wide application, and lower communication cost	Unable to eliminate the use of unauthorized or fraudulent foodstuffs itself	[30, 31, 32]
Smartphone-based analysis	Feasible, low cost, records organization, and practical	Still dependent or semi-dependent on laboratory	[33]