. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Adolesc. 2023 Sep 12;95(8):1725–1748. doi: 10.1002/jad.12243

Table 4.

Regressing Adolescents’ Wave 2 Depressive Symptoms onto Wave 2 Social Media Frequency as Moderated by Self-Esteem

	Outcome Variable: Wave 2 Depressive Symptoms
	Predictor Variable: Total Time on each Platform(s)

Social Media Total Freq.	Instagram	Snapchat	Facebook	TikTok	Twitter	YouTube
F (df, df)	(6, 214) = 46.59^***	(6, 214) = 46.62^***	(6, 214) = 44.29^***	(6, 214) = 44.49^***	(6, 215) = 46.18^***	(6, 216) = 42.82^***	(6, 215) = 44.18^***

	B(se)	B(se)	B(se)	B(se)	B(se)	B(se)	B(se)

W1 Depressive symptoms	0.59 (.08) ^***	0.59 (.08) ^***	0.60 (.08) ^***	0.62 (.08) ^***	0.60 (.08) ^***	0.59 (.08) ^***	0.57 (.08) ^***
W2 Timing	−0.48 (.82)	−0.10 (.82)	−0.15 (.83)	−0.33 (.84)	−0.48 (.84)	−0.01 (.84)	−0.02 (.82)
W1 Gender	0.59 (.85)	0.62 (.85)	0.96 (.86)	0.87 (.87)	0.24 (.89)	0.92 (.87)	1.41 (.88)
W2 Social media platform	1.50 (.56) ^**	0.81 (.31) ^*	−0.07 (.28)	0.19 (.38)	0.68 (.27) ^*	0.24 (.37)	0.76 (.33) ^*
W1 Self-esteem	-0.28 (.10) ^**	-0.30 (.10) ^**	-0.28 (.10) ^**	-0.24 (.10) ^*	-0.27 (.10) ^**	-0.28 (.10) ^**	-0.28 (.10) ^**
Platform × Self-esteem	−0.01 (.10)	−0.04 (.05)	0.04 (.04)	0.03 (.06)	0.01 (.04)	−0.07 (.07)	−0.04 (.05)

Note.

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.

^***

p < .001.

Predictors/covariates were Wave 1 (W1) depressive symptoms, gender, self-esteem, and Wave 2 (W2) timing to distinguish pre- vs. during COVID-19.