. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Adolesc. 2023 Sep 12;95(8):1725–1748. doi: 10.1002/jad.12243

Table 6.

Regressing Adolescents’ Wave 2 Depressive Symptoms onto their Social Media Use as Moderated by Negative Affective Reactions to Social Media (NARSM)

	Outcome Variable: Wave 2 Depressive Symptoms
	Predictor Variable: Total Time on each Platform(s)

	Social Media Total Freq.	Instagram	Snapchat	Facebook	TikTok	Twitter	YouTube
F (df, df)	(6, 218) = 47.87^***	(6, 218) = 44.73^***	(6, 218) = 42.35^***	(6, 218) = 43.83^***	(6, 219) = 46.08^***	(6, 220) = 41.90^***	(6, 219) = 42.93^***

	B(se)	B(se)	B(se)	B(se)	B(se)	B(se)	B(se)

W1 Depressive symptoms	0.67 (.06) ^***	0.69 (.06) ^***	0.70 (.06) ^***	0.69 (.06) ^***	0.67 (.06) ^***	0.68 (.06) ^***	0.65 (.06) ^***
W2 Timing	−0.74 (.81)	−0.25 (.82)	−0.44 (.83)	−0.69 (.84)	−0.81 (.84)	−0.29 (.83)	−0.24 (.82)
Gender	0.60 (.84)	0.83 (.85)	1.06 (.86)	0.94 (.86)	0.36 (.88)	1.10 (.87)	1.59 (.89)
W2 Social media platform	1.55 (.56) ^**	0.79 (.31) ^*	0.01 (.28)	0.30 (.38)	0.70 (.26) ^**	0.17 (.38)	0.77 (.33) ^*
W1 NARSM	1.13 (.47) ^*	1.00 (.47) ^*	0.90 (.48)	0.80 (.47)	0.96 (.46) ^*	0.96 (.48) ^*	1.13 (.48) ^*
Platform × NARSM	1.44 (.55) ^**	0.23 (.29)	0.23 (.28)	0.45 (.34)	0.50 (.24) ^*	0.80 (.41) ^*	0.43 (.29)

Simple effects	b (se)	--	--	--	b (se)	b (se)	--
−1 SD	0.06 (.84)				0.18 (.37)	−0.66 (.55)
Mean	1.55 (.56) ^**				0.70 (.26) ^**	0.17 (.38)
+1 SD	3.03 (.76) ^***				1.23 (.35) ^***	1.00 (.57)

Note.

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.

^***

p < .001.

Predictors/covariates were Wave 1 (W1) depressive symptoms, gender, negative reactions to social media, and Wave 2 (W2) timing to distinguish pre- vs. during COVID-19.