. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: Neurotoxicology. 2023 Oct 17;99:177–183. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.10.008

Table 4.

Adjusted mean difference from reference in neurodevelopmental outcomes at 20 months and 7 years (N = 1,141–1,236) between children with different SNPs in NFE2L2 or KEAP1 genes^a. The homozygote with the most subjects in our sample is the reference category and the mean difference in outcome (β) associated with changing the genotype is given with its standard error (SE). For each model, the first row gives the p-value for the 2df test for a change in outcome by genotype, conditional on the other covariates. When the outcome means differ significantly across genotype levels based on a 2 df test (Gene p-value), the p-value for the mean differences from the homozygote are given (p).

Response	Gene p-value	NFE2L2 rs2364723		Gene p-value	NFE2L2 rs13001694		Gene p-value	KEAP1 rs8113472		Gene p-value	KEAP1 rs9676881

		CG	CC		AG	GG		CA	AA		AG	GG
Outcomes at 20 months
MDI	0.513			0.512			0.832			0.218
β		0.16	0.63		−0.20	−0.53		−0.11	0.55		0.01	0.66
SE		0.31	0.56		0.31	2.44		0.36	1.09		0.32	0.42
PDI	0.529			0.880			0.829			0.601
β		−0.15	0.13		0.08	0.02		0.01	−0.35		0.14	−0.03
SE		0.16	0.30		0.16	0.26		0.19	0.58		0.17	0.22

Outcomes at 7 years
TM A Time	0.251			0.766			0.905			0.030
β		3.89	−1.76		−1.76	0.28		−1.18	−2.33		4.19	−4.47
SE		2.61	4.69		2.61	4.19		3.06	9.18		2.75	3.54
p											0.127	0.207
BNT Total	0.858			0.933			0.063			0.288
β		0.04	0.29		−0.04	−0.17		−0.63	1.39		0.19	0.63
SE		0.29	0.53		0.29	0.46		0.34	1.04		0.31	0.40
CELF Total	0.761			0.650			0.258			0.168
β		0.55	1.03		−0.76	0.37		−1.61	2.45		−0.14	2.18
SE		0.97	1.74		0.97	1.53		1.12	3.43		1.02	1.33
CELF FD	0.411			0.900			0.143			0.628
β		0.31	0.00		−0.01	−0.17		−0.35	1.27		0.23	0.25
SE		0.24	0.44		0.24	0.38		0.28	0.87		0.26	0.33
CELF LC	0.932			0.457			0.967			0.922
β		0.05	0.10		−0.22	−0.06		−0.05	0.00		−0.07	−0.08
SE		0.18	0.32		0.18	0.28		0.21	0.63		0.19	0.24
CELF RS	0.996			0.704			0.445			0.107
β		0.03	0.07		−0.06	0.54		−0.67	−0.14		−0.09	1.13
SE		0.46	0.82		0.46	0.72		0.53	1.62		0.48	0.63
CELF SC	0.204			0.666			0.070			0.247
β		−0.14	0.68		−0.13	0.21		−0.52	1.14		−0.32	0.16
SE		0.25	0.45		0.25	0.39		0.29	0.88		0.26	0.34
CELF USP	0.668			0.186			0.759			0.524
β		0.07	0.32		−0.36	−0.22		0.09	0.47		0.01	0.28
SE		0.20	0.36		0.20	0.31		0.23	0.71		0.21	0.27
CBCL Total	0.982			0.193			0.056			0.958
β		0.23	−0.13		−1.71	1.87		1.77	−10.12		−0.02	0.48
SE		1.36	2.46		1.37	2.14		1.58	4.95		1.44	1.88
KBIT WK	0.590			0.364			0.228			0.442
β		0.02	−0.83		−0.45	0.52		−0.07	−2.87		−0.63	−0.35
SE		0.47	0.84		0.47	0.74		0.54	1.67		0.49	0.64
KBIT MC	0.402			0.264			0.073			0.029
β		0.33	−0.83		0.03	−0.67		−0.73	−0.54		−0.35	0.62
SE		0.28	0.84		0.28	0.44		0.32	1.00		0.29	0.38
p											0.238	0.108
WJ AP	0.117			0.794			0.870			0.403
β		−0.02	0.74		−0.07	−0.22		−0.11	−0.20		−0.22	0.10
SE		0.21	0.37		0.21	0.33		0.24	0.74		0.22	0.28
WJ LW	0.834			0.816			0.151			0.911
β		−0.22	1.25		−0.44	−1.29		0.10	9.16		−0.54	0.00
SE		1.32	2.38		1.32	2.09		1.53	4.71		1.39	1.82
FTDH	0.308			0.103			0.002			0.132
β		0.31	−0.45		−0.41	0.53		−1.19	−1.01		0.31	−0.46
SE		0.30	0.53		0.30	0.47		0.34	1.05		0.31	0.41
p								0.001	0.340
FTNDH	0.999			0.606			0.011			0.794
β		−0.00	0.02		−0.15	0.26		−0.92	−0.59		−0.03	−0.24
SE		0.27	0.48		0.27	0.42		0.31	0.94		0.28	0.36
p								0.003	0.529
SCQ Total	0.801			0.705			0.008			0.643
β		−0.11	−0.24		−0.18	0.02		0.65	−1.58		−0.08	−0.31
SE		0.24	0.43		0.24	0.37		0.27	0.86		0.25	0.33
p								0.017	0.068
SRS Total	0.635			0.708			0.026			0.611
β		−0.72	−0.24		−0.47	0.83		1.11	−8.88		0.96	1.08
SE		1.01	0.43		1.01	1.59		1.17	3.60		1.07	1.38
p								0.346	0.014

Abbreviations: N = Number of individuals, MDI = Mental Development Index, PDI = Motor Development Index, TM = Trailmaking, BNT = Boston Naming Test, CELF = Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, FD = Following Directions, LC = Linguistic Concepts, RS = Recalling Sentences, SC = Sentence Comprehension, USP = Understanding Spoken Paragraphs, CBCL = Child Behavior Check List, KBIT = Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, WK = Word Knowledge Sum, MC = Matrices, WJ = Woodcock-Johnson, FTDH = Finger Tapping Dominant Hand, FTNDH = Finger Tapping Non-Dominant Hand, SCQ = Social Communication Questionnaire, SRS = Social Responsiveness Scale.

Bonferroni correction threshold 0.05/76=0.000658; no significant results after correction.

These models are adjusted for child sex and age at testing, maternal age at delivery and KBIT IQ score, presence of two parents in the household, and Hollingshead socioeconomic score.