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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Atherosclerosis. 2023 Nov 6;386:117364. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117364

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Low-density cholesterol (LDL-C) has long been estimated by the Friedewald formula (LDL-F); however, this method underestimates LDL-C in patients with hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) or low LDL-C levels. The Martin (M-LDL-C) and Sampson (S-LDL-C) formulas partially resolve these limitations. Recently, Sampson et al. developed a new equation (eS-VLDL-C) that includes ApoB. This new equation could be particularly useful in combined familial hyperlipidemia (FCHL), which is characterized by the altered VLDL TG and cholesterol composition. (Elaborated with Biorender). LDL-C calculated by Friedewald’s (a), Martin’s (b) Original Sampson’s (c) and the Enhanced Sampson’s (d) equations. (Created with Biorender)