Table 1.

Mechanisms of nutritional intervention against PCB-mediated toxicity

Environmental Chemicals (Dose, route, duration)	Nutrients (Dose, route, duration)	Subjects	Disease endpoint	Mechanisms	Reference
PCB126 (5 μmol/kg mouse, gavage, in weeks 10, 11, and 12)	Green tea extract (1%GTE-supplemented diet, oral, 12 weeks)	C57BL/6 mice	Liver injury. Reduce the expression of key markers of inflammation (MCP-1 and CCL3)	Upregulate a battery of antioxidant enzymes; upregulate genes transcriptionally controlled by AhR and Nrf2 proteins	33
PCB126 (1.5 mg/kg, gavage, twice a week for two weeks)	Inulin (250 mg/kg/day fiber, given drinking water containing inulin, throughout the PCB126	male C57BL/6 J mice	Liver inflammation and fibrosis. Inulin treatment decreases the hepatic mRNA levels of TNFα, Ccl2, Ccl3, CoL1a1, and Sirius red staining	Affect the structure of gut microbiome. Inhibit PCB126-induced reduction of intestinal ZO-1 expression and reduce the release of inflammatory cytokines	111
PCB126 (1 μmol/kg, oral gavage, at weeks 2 and 4)	A high cholesterol diet with 8% inulin, 12 weeks	male Ldlr−/− mice	Atherosclerosis. Inulin decreases aortic root lesion area in Ldlr−/− mice	Production of protective metabolites, decrease in atherogenic lipoproteins and cholesterol	34
POPs (diet containing a mixture of POPs, including PCB, PBDE, dioxin, and DDT weeks 0 to 10)	Cranberry extract (200 mg/kg, from week 10 to week 16)	male C57BL/6J mice	Harmful effects of the weight loss process. Cranberry extract treatment leads to lower fasting glycemia and improved glucose tolerance	Improve glucose homeostasis, target the gut microbiota, and increase the relative abundance of Parvibacter	125
POPs (PCBs and organochlorine pesticides)	Vitamin C (1000 mg/day Vitamin C, oral, 2 months)	15 healthy California women	Blood concentrations of POPs	Reduce body burdens of POPs	113