Table 1.
Background characteristics of 205 Project Viva mother-offspring pairs of minoritized racial/ethnic groups overall, and among subgroups with DNA methylation (DNAm) data at birth (n=126), and during early (n=25) and mid-childhood (n=149).
| Overall | Cord blood DNAm data | Early childhood DNAm data | Mid-childhood DNAm data | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 205 | n = 126 | n = 25 | n = 149 | |
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| Sociodemographic and background characteristics | ||||
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| Mother’s age at enrollment (years) | 29.8 ± 6.3 | 29.9 ± 6.1 | 30.9 ± 6.2 | 29.7 ± 6.4 |
| Nulliparous at index pregnancy | 43.4% (89) | 45.2% (57) | 36.0% (9) | 43.6% (65) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | 25.7 ± 5.9 | 25.4 ± 5.8 | 27.4 ± 6.8 | 25.7 ± 7.0 |
| Prenatal smoking habits | ||||
| Never smoked | 73.7% (151) | 73.8% (93) | 68.0% (17) | 73.8% (110) |
| Former smoker | 9.8% (20) | 11.1% (14) | 8.0% (2) | 10.1% (15) |
| Smoked during pregnancy | 16.6% (34) | 15.1% (19) | 24.0% (6) | 16.1% (24) |
| Mother’s race and ethnicity | ||||
| Black | 44.9% (92) | 38.9% (49) | 32.0% (8) | 49.0% (73) |
| Hispanic | 24.4% (50) | 26.2% (33) | 24.0% (6) | 22.8% (34) |
| Asian | 15.1% (31) | 16.7% (21) | 28.0% (7) | 13.4% (20) |
| >1 race/ethnicity or other | 15.6% (32) | 18.3% (23) | 16.0% (4) | 14.8% (22) |
| Married or cohabitating | 76.1% (156) | 77.8% (98) | 76.0% (19) | 73.2% (109) |
| Education level | ||||
| No college | 20.5% (42) | 17.5% (22) | 24.0% (6) | 21.5% (32) |
| Some college | 34.1% (70 ) | 34.1% (43) | 28.0% (7) | 35.6% (53) |
| College degree | 24.4% (52) | 25.4% (32) | 20.0% (5) | 25.5% (38) |
| Graduate degree | 20.0% (41) | 23.0% (29) | 28.0% (7) | 17.5% (26) |
| Annual household income | ||||
| ≤$20,000 | 12.7% (23) | 7.9% (8) | 4.8% (1) | 15.3% (20) |
| >$20,000 - $40,000 | 30.4% (55) | 26.6% (30) | 23.8% (5) | 32.8% (43) |
| >$40,000 - $70,000 | 21.5% (39) | 27.4% (31) | 28.6% (6) | 19.1% (25) |
| >$70,000 | 35.4% (64) | 38.9% (44) | 42.9% (9) | 32.8% (43) |
| Receipt of public assistance | 19.8% (36) | 13.3% (15) | 17.4% (4) | 22.3% (29) |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 39.4 ± 1.7 | 39.4 ± 1.8 | 38.8 ± 1.6 | 39.4 ± 1.7 |
| Child is female sex | 45.9% (94) | 45.2% (57) | 52.0% (13) | 47.7% (71) |
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| Social exposures | ||||
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| Experiences of discrimination (EOD) | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 2.1 ± 2.0 | 2.1 ± 2.0 | 1.7 ± 2.0 | 2.2 ± 2.1 |
| Median | 2.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 2.0 |
| Min, Max | 0, 8 | 0, 8 | 0, 7 | 0, 8 |
| Social support score | ||||
| Women with a partner | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 14.1 ± 4.0 | 13.9 ± 3.9 | 14.5 ± 3.6 | 14.4 ± 4.0 |
| Median | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.5 | 13.0 |
| Min, Max | 9, 28 | 10, 28 | 10, 23 | 9, 27 |
| Women without a partner | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 6.8 ± 2.1 | 6.4 ± 2.2 | 5.0 a | 7.0 ± 2.3 |
| Median | 6.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 a | 6.0 |
| Min, Max | 5, 10 | 5, 10 | 5.0 a | 5, 10 |
| Prenatal SES index | ||||
| Mean ± SD | −0.56 ± 0.94 | −0.58 ± 0.91 | −0.79 ± 0.85 | −0.60 ± 0.93 |
| Median | −0.89 | −0.87 | −1.09 | −0.99 |
| Min, Max | −1.65, 1.53 | −1.65, 1.49 | −1.65, 1.13 | −1.65, 1.53 |
Abbreviations: BMI - body mass index; DNAm - DNA methylation; SES - socioeconomic status
a
n = 1, therefore no estimate of SD or range.