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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Feb 5.
Published in final edited form as: Arch Womens Ment Health. 2023 Aug 9;26(6):819–829. doi: 10.1007/s00737-023-01357-6

Table 3.

Linear regression models predicting mood and anxiety symptoms. Separate models were conducted for subjective and objective stress with the stress type indicated at the top of the relevant columns. Independent variables represent wave of recruitment, sociodemographic factors (maternal age, education, high-risk pregnancy status, and Black/African American identification), stress, coping strategies, and the interaction of coping and stress measures

Waves 1 & 2 combined; N = 7094 Dependent variable: Mood and Anxiety Symptoms (Composite of GAD-7 and PHQ-2)
Type of Stress: Subjective Stress
 Objective Stress
(PREPS and NuPDQ)
β t p β t p
Intercept 12.24 < .001 17.89 < .001
Wave of Recruitment −.05 −3.68 < .001 −.20 −13.71 < .001
Maternal Age −.14 −13.79 < .001 −.17 −14.94 < .001
Parity .10 9.44 < .001 .08 6.63 < .001
High-Risk Pregnancy .05 3.91 < .001 .12 8.34 < .001
Black/African American −.01 −.55 .59 .00 −.16 .87
Stressa .46 43.44 < .001 .18 15.54 < .001
Spiritual Coping .05 4.59 < .001 .04 3.62 < .001
Positive Appraisal −.22 −20.05 < .001 −.26 −21.55 < .001
Planning/Preparation .02 1.91 .06 .10 7.97 < .001
Avoidant Coping .08 7.82 < .001 .19 17.21 < .001
Spiritual Coping * Stressa .02 1.62 .11 .01 1.21 .23
Positive Appraisal * Stressa −.06 −5.91 < .001 −.03 −2.45 .01
Planning/Preparation * Stressa .02 2.24 .03 .04 2.97 .00
Avoidant Coping * Stressa .03 2.75 .01 −.01 −.66 .51
Model Summary: R2 F p R2 F p
.34 265.41 < .001 .20 122.67 < .001
Spiritual Coping * Stressa * Wave .03 1.09 .28 −.01 −.38 .71
Positive Appraisal * Stressa * Wave .02 .56 .57 .06 1.46 .15
Planning/Preparation * Stressa * Wave −.03 −1.00 .32 −.05 −1.21 .23
Avoidant Coping * Stressa * Wave .01 .31 .76 −.03 −.91 .36
Model Summary: ΔR2 ΔF p ΔR2 ΔF p
.00 .54 .71 .00 1.02 .40

p < .05 indicated in bold;

a

The stress measure used is listed at the top of the relevant columns; Dependent variable for all models: mood and anxiety symptoms (composite of GAD-7 and PHQ-2 z-scores); Subjective stress variable calculated as a composite of the z-scores of NuPDQ, PREPS-preparedness, and PREPSinfection. Objective stress variables calculated as cumulative composite of essential worker status, income loss due to COVID, cancelled prenatal appointments due to COVID, having diagnosed or suspected COVID-19 infection, and experiencing a major stressful life event during the current pregnancy; NuPCI: Revised Prenatal Coping Inventory