Table 3.
Effect estimates and 95% confidence interval for retinoblastoma in relation to neonatal PFAS exposure a.
| |
PFOS |
PFOA |
PFNA |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude ORc (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Crude ORc (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Crude ORc (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Per IQR increase | ||||||
| Among all mothers d | ||||||
| Retinoblastoma | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) |
| Unilateral cases | 1.03 (0.95, 1.13) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.14) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.12) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) |
| Bilateral cases | 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.13) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.13) |
| Among US-born mothers e | ||||||
| Retinoblastoma | 1.09 (0.97, 1.23) | 1.09 (0.97, 1.23) | 1.06 (0.97, 1.15) | 1.06 (0.98, 1.16) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) |
| Unilateral cases | 1.14 (0.99, 1.34) | 1.15 (0.99, 1.35) | 1.08 (0.97, 1.21) | 1.09 (0.98, 1.23) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.09) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.09) |
| Bilateral cases | 1.03 (0.90, 1.22) | 1.02 (0.88, 1.20) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.16) | 1.04 (0.94, 1.17) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.16) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.16) |
| Among Mexico-borne mothers | ||||||
| Retinoblastoma | 1.04 (0.93, 1.17) | 1.04 (0.93, 1.17) | 0.96 (0.86, 1.08) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.09) | 0.96 (0.85, 1.09) | 0.95 (0.84, 1.08) |
| Unilateral cases | 1.03 (0.90, 1.20) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.22) | 0.91 (0.80, 1.05) | 0.93 (0.81, 1.08) | 0.99 (0.86, 1.17) | 0.99 (0.85, 1.17) |
| Bilateral cases |
1.06 (0.92, 1.25) |
1.04 (0.89, 1.23) |
1.02 (0.88, 1.22) |
1.02 (0.87, 1.22) |
0.93 (0.80, 1.10) |
0.92 (0.78, 1.09) |
| Above mean exposure VS Below mean exposure b | ||||||
| Among all mothers d | ||||||
| Retinoblastoma | 1.32 (0.91, 1.95) | 1.29 (1.00, 1.67) | 1.37 (0.97, 1.95) | 1.16 (0.90, 1.50) | 0.81 (0.58, 1.13) | 0.79 (0.62, 1.02) |
| Unilateral cases | 1.40 (1.03, 1.93) | 1.42 (1.03, 1.97) | 1.06 (0.78, 1.45) | 1.10 (0.81, 1.51) | 0.73 (0.54, 0.98) | 0.73 (0.54, 0.99) |
| Bilateral cases | 1.16 (0.84, 1.63) | 1.14 (0.82, 1.62) | 1.30 (0.92, 1.86) | 1.29 (0.91, 1.85) | 0.89 (0.64, 1.26) | 0.88 (0.62, 1.25) |
| Among US-born mothers e | ||||||
| Retinoblastoma | 1.28 (1.00, 1.65) | 1.30 (0.89, 1.93) | 1.15 (0.89, 1.48) | 1.41 (1.00, 2.02) | 0.79 (0.62, 1.02) | 0.81 (0.58, 1.14) |
| Unilateral cases | 1.69 (1.05, 2.85) | 1.71 (1.04, 2.90) | 1.33 (0.88, 2.06) | 1.43 (0.94, 2.22) | 0.80 (0.54, 1.19) | 0.82 (0.54, 1.23) |
| Bilateral cases | 1.01 (0.62, 1.67) | 0.95 (0.58, 1.60) | 1.45 (0.90, 2.38) | 1.45 (0.90, 2.40) | 0.82 (0.52, 1.29) | 0.81 (0.51, 1.30) |
| Among Mexico-borne mothers | ||||||
| Retinoblastoma | 1.68 (1.08, 2.64) | 1.67 (1.06, 2.66) | 0.74 (0.46, 1.20) | 0.76 (0.47, 1.26) | 0.78 (0.49, 1.29) | 0.77 (0.46, 1.28) |
| Unilateral cases | 1.43 (0.82, 2.52) | 1.42 (0.80, 2.58) | 0.53 (0.30, 0.96) | 0.57 (0.31, 1.05) | 0.70 (0.39, 1.30) | 0.70 (0.38, 1.32) |
| Bilateral cases | 2.08 (1.16, 3.84) | 2.06 (1.12, 3.92) | 1.13 (0.59, 2.28) | 1.18 (0.61, 2.42) | 0.90 (0.48, 1.76) | 0.90 (0.46, 1.84) |
Note.
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; IQR, interquartile range; PFAS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid; PFOA, perfluorooctanoic Acid; PFNA, perfluorononanoic acid.
The exposure assessment was based on the log2-transformed scale.
The exposures were dichotomized based on mean value of the log2-transformed PFAS feature intensities of all study population (N = 1390).
The crude model was adjusted for birth year (matching factor).
The adjusted model was adjusted for birth year (matching factor), maternal age, maternal race and ethnicity, maternal birthplace, maternal education attainment, census tract SES.
The adjusted model was adjusted for birth year (matching factor), maternal age, maternal race and ethnicity, maternal education attainment, census tract SES.