Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Feb 5.
Published in final edited form as: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2023 Aug 18;33(12):2428–2439. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.08.002

Table 3.

Parameter estimates from weighted regression models examining the association of average avocado intake (servings/day) with glucose and insulin homeostasis.

Model Overall Population Normoglycemic Prediabetic Diabetic
β(SE) P β(SE) P β(SE) P All Untreated Treated
β(SE) P β(SE) P Metformin Insulin
β(SE) P β(SE) P
N = 14,555a N = 5,892a N = 5,419a N = 3,006a N = 1,498a N = 1,236a N = 369a
HOMA-IR
1 −0.15 (0.07) .04 −0.07 (0.09) .48 −0.15 (0.12) .20 −0.17 (0.15) .26 0.08 (0.18) .67 −0.48 (0.21) .02 0.05 (0.43) .90
2 −0.11 (0.07) .10 −0.04 (0.09) .65 −0.10 (0.12) .38 −0.13 (0.14) .35 0.06 (0.17) .71 −0.34 (0.22) .12 0.003 (0.41) .99
3 −0.04 (0.05) .46 0.2 (0.07) .77 −0.05 (0.09) .65 −0.12 (0.12) .23 0.02 (0.13) .90 −0.29 (0.21) .17 −0.10 (0.48) .84
HOMA-%β
1 −0.07 (0.07) .30 −0.08 (0.09) .39 −0.18 (0.13) .16 0.14 (0.17) .15 0.41 (0.20) .04 −0.11 (0.24) .66 0.06 0.57
.2 −0.04 (0.07) .53 −0.06 (0.09) .53 −0.12 (0.12) .30 0.27 (0.16) .10 0.39 (0.19) .04 0.001 (0.24) .99 0.14 (0.52) .79
3 0.02 (0.05) .71 0.004 (0.06) .95 −0.07 (0.10) .50 0.29 (0.15) .05 0.33 (0.18) .06 0.06 (0.23) .78 0.07 (0.55) .90
Fasting glucose
1 −0.07 (0.05) .13 0.01 (0.05) .78 0.03 (0.08) .69 −0.27 (0.12) .03 −0.17 (0.15) .23 −0.24 (0.19) .20 −0.25 (0.60) .68
2 −0.07 (0.05) .15 0.02 (0.05) .66 0.04 (0.08) .62 −0.27 (0.12) .02 −0.17 (0.14) .25 −0.24 (0.18) .20 −0.36 (0.56) .51
3 −0.05 (0.04) .37 0.03 (0.05) .50 0.05 (0.08) .55 −0.27 (0.12) .02 −0.17 (0.14) .23 −0.25 (0.18) .18 −0.42 (0.54) .44
Fasting Insulin
N = 14,517a N = 5,886a N = 5,411a N = 3,003a N = 1,493a N = 1,231a N = 351a
1 −0.13 (0.07) .08 −0.07 (0.10) .47 −0.17 (0.13) .18 −0.03 (0.16) .82 0.23 (0.19) .21 −0.42 (0.20) .03 −0.01 (0.34) .98
2 −0.10 (0.07) .17 −0.05 (010) .63 −0.12 (0.13) .35 0.01 (0.15) .98 0.22 (0.18) .22 −0.28 (0.21) .18 −0.03 (0.34) .93
3 −0.02 (0.05) .72 0.02 (0.07) .79 −0.05 (0.10) .61 0.03 (0.12) .81 0.16 (0.13) .25 −0.21 (0.19) .27 −0.12 (0.41) .77
2-h OGTT Glucose
N = 11,991a N = 5,625a N = 5,191a N = 989a
1 −0.09 (0.05) .08 −0.03 (0.06) .65 −0.06 (0.07) .42 0.18 (0.17) .31
2 −0.08 (0.05) .11 −0.02 (0.06) .70 −0.05 (0.08) .54 0.19 (0.16) .24
3 −0.05 (0.05) .27 −0.01 (0.06 .89 −0.04 (0.08) .64 −/20 (0.16) .23
2-h OGTT Insulin
N = 11,966a N = 5,607a N = 5,183a N = 989a
1 −0.05 (0.06) .39 0.01 (0.09) .91 −0.15 (0.09) .10 0.62 (0.24) .01
2 −0.03 (0.06) .65 0.03 (0.09) .76 −0.11 (0.08) .19 0.62 (0.23) .01
3 0.02 (0.05) .70 0.06 (0.07) .40 −0.07 (0.08) .34 0.63 (0.22) .004
Insulinogenic Index
1 0.16 (0.07) .03 0.27 (0.10) .01 −0.09 (0.10) .37 0.42 0.18) .02
2 0.17 (0.07) .02 0.27 (0.10) .01 −0.05 (0.10) .55 0.42 (0.18) .02
3 0.19 (0.07) .01 0.29 (0.09) .002 −0.04 (0.09) .66 0.43 (0.17) .01

Note: Significant results (P < 0.05) in bold.

Abbreviations: HOMA-%β: Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance β cell function; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test.

Model 1 includes age, gender, energy intake (kilocalories/day), education level, acculturation, and Hispanic/Latino heritage as covariates (minimally adjusted model).

Model 2 includes the covariates from model 1, with the addition of alcohol intake, physical activity (metabolic equivalent minutes/day), diet quality (alternative Healthy Eating Index [aHEI] score) and smoking status (fully adjusted model).

Model 3 includes the covariates from model 2, with the addition of body mass index (BMI; fully adjusted + BMI model).

a

Unweighted frequency.