TABLE 1.
Demographic characteristics for the overall sample and by cirrhosis etiology and problematic drinking status
| Cirrhosis etiology | Problematic drinking | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | ALD (n=145; 44%) | Non-ALD (n=184; 56%) | AUDIT<8 (n=274; 83%) | AUDIT≥8 (n=55; 17%) | |||
| Continuous variables | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | p | M (SD) | M (SD) | p |
| Age (y) | 64.6 (10.6) | 61.2 (11.2) | 67.2 (9.3) | <0.001 | 65.5 (10.3) | 59.9 (11.1) | <0.001 |
| Pandemic-related stress (points) | 2.7 (1.3) | 2.8 (1.3) | 2.6 (1.3) | 0.26 | 2.7 (1.3) | 2.7 (1.3) | 0.92 |
| MELD-Na Scorea | 10.9 (4.4) | 11.4 (4.7) | 10.5 (4.1) | 0.09 | 10.8 (4.3) | 11.4 (4.9) | 0.34 |
| Categorical variables | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p | n (%) | n (%) | p |
| Male sex | 272 (83) | 130 (90) | 142 (77) | 0.003 | 220 (80) | 52 (95) | 0.01 |
| Race/ethnicityb | |||||||
| White/Caucasian | 138 (42) | 52 (36) | 86 (47) | 0.002 | 118 (43) | 20 (36) | 0.71 |
| Latino | 109 (33) | 59 (41) | 50 (27) | 89 (32) | 20 (36) | ||
| Black/African American | 31 (9.4) | 13 (9.0) | 18 (9.8) | 24 (8.8) | 7 (13) | ||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 26 (7.9) | 5 (3.4) | 21 (11) | 22 (8.0) | 4 (7.3) | ||
| Native American | 6 (1.8) | 5 (3.4) | 1 (0.5) | 6 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Other | 19 (5.8) | 11 (7.6) | 8 (4.3) | 15 (5.5) | 4 (7.3) | ||
| Site | |||||||
| PAVA | 111 (34) | 56 (39) | 55 (30) | 0.03 | 90 (33) | 21 (38) | 0.75 |
| SFVA | 97 (29) | 32 (22) | 65 (35) | 82 (30) | 15 (27) | ||
| ZSFG | 121 (37) | 57 (39) | 64 (35) | 102 (37) | 19 (35) | ||
| Household sizec | |||||||
| Live with 1–2 people | 228 (69) | 104 (72) | 124 (67) | 0.15 | 188 (69) | 40 (73) | 0.64 |
| Live with 2–5 people | 80 (24) | 36 (25) | 44 (24) | 67 (24) | 13 (24) | ||
| Live with >5 people | 21 (6.4) | 5 (3.4) | 16 (8.7) | 19 (6.9) | 2 (3.6) | ||
| Household incomed | |||||||
| ≤$30,000 | 122 (55) | 52 (55) | 70 (56) | 0.85 | 98 (54) | 24 (65) | 0.21 |
| Education level | |||||||
| High school or more | 264 (80) | 121 (83) | 143 (78) | 0.19 | 216 (79) | 48 (87) | 0.15 |
| Paid employment | 77 (23) | 44 (30) | 33 (18) | 0.008 | 60 (22) | 17 (31) | 0.15 |
| Married/Partnered | 100 (30) | 36 (25) | 64 (35) | 0.05 | 90 (33) | 10 (18) | 0.03 |
| Born Outside of US | 84 (26) | 35 (24) | 49 (27) | 0.61 | 70 (26) | 14 (25) | 0.99 |
| Speaks English well or fluentlye | 280 (85) | 128 (88) | 152 (83) | 0.15 | 230 (84) | 50 (91) | 0.19 |
| Coexisting etiologies | |||||||
| Hepatitis B | 21 (6.4) | 4 (2.8) | 17 (9.2) | 0.02 | 20 (7) | 1 (2) | 0.13 |
| Hepatitis C | 133 (40) | 38 (26) | 95 (52) | <0.001 | 119 (43) | 14 (25) | 0.01 |
| MASLDf | 82 (25) | 26 (18) | 56 (30) | 0.01 | 76 (28) | 6 (11) | 0.01 |
| Other etiologies | 20 (6.1) | 4 (2.8) | 16 (8.7) | 0.03 | 20 (7) | 0 (0) | 0.04 |
| Decompensated cirrhosisg | |||||||
| Current | 62 (20) | 42 (29) | 20 (12) | <0.001 | 50 (19) | 12 (22) | 0.87 |
| Prior | 52 (17) | 39 (27) | 13 (7.6) | 43 (17) | 9 (17) | ||
| None | 200 (64) | 63 (44) | 137 (81) | 167 (64) | 33 (61) | ||
| History of anxiety disorder | 26 (7.9) | 14 (10) | 12 (6.5) | 0.30 | 21 (7.7) | 5 (9.1) | 0.72 |
| History of major depressive disorder | 69 (21) | 34 (23) | 35 (19) | 0.33 | 58 (21) | 11 (20) | 0.85 |
| Probable anxiety (GAD-7≥10) | 46 (14) | 27 (19) | 19 (10) | 0.03 | 38 (14) | 8 (15) | 0.89 |
| Probable depression (PHQ-8≥10) | 73 (22) | 35 (24) | 38 (21) | 0.45 | 58 (21) | 15 (27) | 0.32 |
| Past-year alcohol useh | 129 (39) | 73 (51) | 56 (30) | <0.001 | 74 (27) | 55 (100) | <0.001 |
| Problematic drinking (AUDIT≥8) | 55 (17) | 51 (35) | 4 (2.2) | <0.001 | NA | NA | |
Four participants had missing data on MELD-Na score.
Race was coded as White, Latino, and Other for statistical analyses.
Household size includes oneself.
One hundred and nine participants had missing data on household income.
Response options for English fluency included fluent like a native English speaker, speaking English well, so-so, poorly, or not at all.
Of the 82 patients with MASLD, 12 (15%) also had hepatitis C.
Fifteen participants had missing data on decompensated cirrhosis status.
One participant had missing data on any past-year alcohol use.
Abbreviations: ALD, alcohol-associated liver disease; AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; MASLD, metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease; MELD-Na, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Sodium; NA, Not Applicable; PAVA, Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System; PHQ-8, Patient Health Quesitonnaire-8; SFVA, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System; ZSFG, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital.