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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 2023 Aug 12;42(6):860–869. doi: 10.1080/15513815.2023.2246571

Table 3:

Histologic findings

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 p-value Post-hoc comparisons
1 v 2 1 v 3 1 v 4 2 v 3 2 v 4 3 v 4
Fetal findings (loss of nuclear basophilia) – clustering measures
 Renal cells
  Isolated 1 (0.8) 19 (48.7) 61 (57.5) 0 (0.0) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.9 0.3 <0.001 <0.001
  Majority 1 (0.8) 10 (25.6) 16 (15.1) 106 (94.6) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.14 <0.001 <0.001
 Hepatocytes
  Isolated 0 (0.0) 38 (97.4) 4 (3.8) 0 (0.0) <0.001 <0.001 0.045 -- <0.001 <0.001 0.054
  Majority 0 (0.0) 38 (97.4) 4 (3.8) 0 (0.0) <0.001 <0.001 0.045 -- <0.001 <0.001 0.054
 Myocytes
  Inner 0 (0.0) 15 (38.5) 70 (66.0) 112 (100.0) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.003 <0.001 <0.001
  Outer 0 (0.0) 6 (15.4) 65 (61.3) 103 (92.0) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
 Bronchial epithelium 4 (3.3) 5 (12.8) 54 (50.9) 78 (69.6) <0.001 0.039 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.005
 GI tract (majority) 1 (0.8) 26 (66.7) 96 (90.6) 109 (97.3) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.035
 Adrenal glands (majority) 3 (2.5) 21 (53.8) 92 (86.8) 108 (96.4) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.01
Placental findings
 Villous karyorrhexis 12 (9.8) 15 (38.5) 34 (32.1) 63 (56.2) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.5 0.05 <0.001
 Fetal blood cell karyorrhexis 9 (7.4) 8 (20.5) 21 (19.8) 37 (33.0) <0.001 0.033 0.006 <0.001 0.9 0.14 0.027
 Chorionic vascular lesions 29 (23.8) 17 (43.6) 20 (18.9) 46 (41.1) <0.001 0.017 0.4 0.005 0.002 0.8 <0.001
 Disc calcifications 1 (0.8) 1 (2.6) 4 (3.8) 3 (2.7) 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.9 0.9 0.7
Umbilical cord
 Degenerative changes 7 (5.7) 10 (25.6) 13 (12.3) 22 (19.6) 0.002 0.001 0.082 0.001 0.05 0.4 0.14
 Wharton’s substance calcifications 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.9) 0.7 -- -- 0.5 -- 0.9 0.9

All values given number (percentage of cluster). P-values derived from Chi-Square tests. P-values < 0.05 are considered significant (bolded).