TABLE 1.
Characteristics of 16 trials of MMSs or small-quantity LNSs included in the meta-analysis of the effect of prenatal nutritional supplements on gestational weight gain1
| Authors (ref.) | Country | Years of study | Control arm | Intervention arms | Participants included in analysis, n | Median weeks of gestation at enrollment | Median BMI,2 kg/m2 | Median adherence, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian et al. (30)3 | Nepal | 1998–2001 | 60 mg Fe/d + 400 μg folic acid/d + 1000 μg vitamin A | MMSs | 1193 | 9.6 | 18.9 | 93.7 |
| Friis et al. (31) | Zimbabwe | 1996–1997 | 60 mg Fe/d + 400 μg folic acid/d | MMSs | 415 | 26.0 | 22.0 | 80.0 |
| Osrin et al. (32) | Nepal | 2002–2004 | 60 mg Fe/d + 400 μg folic acid/d | MMSs | 1108 | 15.9 | 19.2 | 98.1 |
| Ramakrishnan et al. (41) | Mexico | 1997–2000 | 60 mg Fe/d | MMSs | 353 | 9.0 | 23.3 | 95.0 |
| Fawzi et al. (33) | Tanzania | 2001–2004 | 60 mg Fe/d + 250 μg folic acid/d | MMSs | 7421 | 21.6 | 22.5 | 96.4 |
| Zeng et al. (37)3 | China | 2002–2006 | 60 mg Fe/d + 400 μg folic acid/d | MMSs | 2653 | 13.6 | 20.1 | 98.7 |
| Roberfroid et al. (34) | Burkina Faso | 2004–2006 | 60 mg Fe/d + 400 μg folic acid/d | MMSs | 1091 | 15.7 | 20.0 | 84.3 |
| Bhutta et al. (38)3 | Pakistan | 2002–2004 | 60 mg Fe/d + 400 μg folic acid/d | MMSs | 1507 | 12.9 | 20.6 | 81.4 |
| Persson et al. (39)4 | Bangladesh | 2001–2003 | 60 mg Fe/d + 400 μg folic acid/d | MMSs | 2329 | 9.0 | 19.7 | 70.0 |
| Moore et al. (35)4 | The Gambia | 2010–2012 | 60 mg Fe/d + 400 μg folic acid/d | MMSs | 803 | 13.4 | 20.4 | 87.9 |
| West et al. (28)3 | Bangladesh | 2008–2012 | 27 mg Fe/d + 600 μg folic acid/d | MMSs | 23,577 | 9.7 | 18.8 | 95.0 |
| Ashorn et al. (36) | Malawi | 2011–2013 | 60 mg Fe/d + 400 μg folic acid/d | MMSs; small-quantity LNSs | 1321 | 17.1 | 20.8 | 92.1 |
| Matias et al. (23)3 | Bangladesh | 2011–2012 | 60 mg Fe/d + 400 μg folic acid/d | Small-quantity LNSs | 3343 | 13.4 | 19.5 | 80.0 |
| Adu-Afarwuah et al. (22) | Ghana | 2009–2011 | 60 mg Fe + 400 μg folic acid/d | MMSs; small-quantity LNSs | 1114 | 15.9 | 23.1 | 80.9 |
| Hambidge et al. (29)5 | Guatemala, India, and Pakistan | 2013–2014 | Iron + folic acid | Small-quantity LNSs | 1277 | 12.0 | 21.0 | 88.0 |
| Isanaka et al. (40)3 | Niger | 2014–2019 | 60 mg Fe/d + 400 μg folic acid/d | MMSs | 1422 | 11.0 | 21.1 | 85.4 |
1
LNS, lipid-based nutrient supplement; MMS, multiple micronutrient supplement.
2
BMI observed during the first trimester or imputed for 9 weeks of gestation.
3
Cluster-randomized trial.
4
Randomized controlled trial with factorial design, and intervention arms were collapsed based on MMSs received or not.
5
Data from the Democratic Republic of the Congo were excluded owing to missing gestational age data. The preconceptional supplementation arm was excluded because the analysis focused on prenatal supplementation during pregnancy.