TABLE 4.
The effect of prenatal nutrient supplements on percentage adequacy of GWG, by potential modifiers1
| MMSs (14 trials) | Small-quantity LNSs (4 trials) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subgroup | n | WMD (95% CI) | P-interaction2 | n | WMD (95% CI) | P-interaction2 |
| Estimated prepregnancy BMI,3 kg/m2 | 0.48 | 0.04 | ||||
| <18.5 | 10,330 | 1.6 (0.7, 2.5) | 1116 | −0.2 (−3.4, 2.9) | ||
| 18.5 to <25.0 | 31,671 | 0.8 (0.1, 1.4) | 4423 | 0.6 (−1.4, 2.6) | ||
| ≥25.0 | 3506 | 2.8 (−0.1, 5.7) | 698 | 15.5 (7.0, 23.9) | ||
| Maternal adherence to regimen, % | 0.04 | 0.98 | ||||
| <90 | 16,208 | 0.1 (−0.9, 1.1) | 1265 | −2.0 (−7.2, 3.2) | ||
| ≥90 | 25,421 | 1.4 (0.6, 2.1) | 999 | −2.1 (−6.3, 2.1) | ||
| Maternal age, y | 0.79 | 0.44 | ||||
| <20 | 10,659 | 0.8 (−0.3, 1.8) | 1657 | 9.1 (−3.7, 21.9) | ||
| 20–29 | 26,970 | 0.9 (0.1, 1.6) | 3289 | 2.7 (−1.9, 7.2) | ||
| ≥30 | 7812 | 1.0 (−0.5, 2.4) | 783 | 8.1 (2.9, 13.3) | ||
| Gestational age at enrolment, wk | 0.054 | 0.15 | ||||
| <20 | 37,922 | 0.7 (0.1, 1.3) | 5779 | 1.7 (−0.3, 3.6) | ||
| ≥20 | 7252 | 2.3 (0.8, 3.7) | 240 | −4.7 (−13.2, 3.8) | ||
| Parity | 0.99 | 0.13 | ||||
| 0 | 16,983 | 1.1 (−0.3, 2.5) | 870 | −3.0 (−9.3, 3.4) | ||
| ≥1 | 27,025 | 1.0 (0.2, 1.7) | 3671 | 2.3 (−1.4, 6.1) | ||
| Maternal education, y | 0.51 | 0.89 | ||||
| <8 | 29,703 | 0.9 (0.2, 1.6) | 4027 | 1.8 (−0.9, 4.5) | ||
| ≥8 | 14,109 | 10.7 (−26.3, 47.8) | 2206 | 1.9 (−3.8, 7.7) | ||
| Maternal hemoglobin at enrolment, g/dL | 0.79 | 0.52 | ||||
| <11.0 | 7402 | 0.4 (−1.7, 2.5) | 1506 | 2.4 (−1.1, 6.0) | ||
| ≥11.0 | 7001 | 0.3 (−1.3, 1.9) | 1947 | 5.0 (−0.5, 10.5) | ||
| Maternal height, cm | 0.26 | <0.001 | ||||
| <150 | 16,754 | 0.5 (−0.3, 1.3) | 2348 | 5.3 (2.7, 7.9) | ||
| ≥150 | 28,753 | 1.2 (0.4, 1.9) | 3889 | −1.2 (−3.6, 1.3) | ||
| Infant sex | 0.65 | |||||
| Female | 21,881 | 1.0 (−0.3, 2.4) | 0.66 | 2947 | 1.2 (−1.8, 4.3) | |
| Male | 23,154 | 0.7 (−0.1, 1.5) | 2960 | 3.2 (−1.7, 8.1) | ||
1
The percentage adequacy of GWG was calculated by dividing the actual GWG at the last weight measure during pregnancy by the recommended GWG according to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) 2009 guideline, multiplied by 100. GWG, gestational weight gain; LNS, lipid-based nutrient supplement; MMS, multiple micronutrient supplement; WMD, weighted mean difference.
2
P value for interaction was obtained from meta-regression analysis.
3
BMI observed during the first trimester or imputed for 9 weeks of gestation.