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. 2024 Feb 5;15:1069. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-45152-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Paired outcome correlation across geographically matched pairs (n = 90 in Bangladesh, n = 72 in Kenya), translated into predicted relative efficiency for 14 child development, child growth, and infectious disease outcomes. Dashed lines show the (1-r)⁻¹ function, the predicted relationship between pair-wise correlation (r) and relative efficiency. b Observed relative efficiency of a the non-parametric, pair matched estimator versus gains predicted based on the paired outcome correlation in panel a. The observed relative efficiency used an unmatched analysis as the basis for comparison (Methods). A solid line marks the 1:1 axis. Correlation estimates based on outcomes weighted by sample sizes of each pair. MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (CDI) comprehension and expression were only measured in the Bangladesh trial. Created with notebooks https://osf.io/pdver and https://osf.io/d2x3b.