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. 2024 Feb 5;14:78. doi: 10.1038/s41398-024-02736-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A The experiment was conducted in a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled parallel-group design. Participants were randomized to 3 tDCS arms: 1-mA tDCS (n = 12), 2-mA tDCS (n = 13), and sham tDCS (n = 12). B Results of the electrical field simulation for the current flow in the head based on the applied protocols. The anodal electrode (red) was placed over the left DLPFC and the cathode (blue) over the pre-SMA (FC2). The induced electric fields (EF) were calculated using SimNIBS [80], an open-source pipeline for Non-invasive Brain stimulation. (NIBS) modeling (available at https://simnibs.github.io/simnibs/). SimNIBS employs the mri2mesh tool, integrating FSL and FreeSurfer, to estimate the EF distribution. FSL segments extracerebral tissues, while FreeSurfer handles brain segmentation and gray matter surface reconstructions. Simulations were performed for the MNI-152 standard head [81]. Two stimulation protocols were modeled: one with 7 × 5 cm electrodes over the left DLPFC (F3) and the pre-SMA (FC2), with 1-mA current intensity, and the same parameters except for the intensity, which was 2-mA (10–20 EEG electrode positioning system). The average EF value (undirected) in each region was calculated based on the sum of EF values and the number of voxels in the area. All the calculations were performed using FSL and Matlab.