Fig. 2. New capacity in gigawatts (GW) for modeled generation and storage technologies in 2040 for various socio-environmental scenarios.

a New generation capacity installations from 2020 to 2040 for the Base scenario without a carbon target and differences in installed capacities in 2040 for each scenario compared to Base. b Same as (a) but with a low carbon emissions target trajectory that limits annual carbon emissions in 2040 to half of carbon emissions in 2020. Positive differences indicate greater installed capacity and negative differences indicate lower installed capacities compared to the Base scenarios. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.