TABLE 4.
Daily micronutrient intake from food and beverages in KiESEL toddlers and preschoolers stratified by sex1.
| Toddlers (1–2 years; n = 354) | Preschoolers (3–5 years; n = 536) | ||||||||||||
| Boys (n = 175) | Girls (n = 179) | Boys (n = 279) | Girls (n = 257) | ||||||||||
| Median | CI Median | P5, P95 | Median | CI Median | P5, P95 | Median | CI Median | P5, P95 | Median | CI Median | P5, P95 | ||
| Vitamins | Retinol equiv. (μg) | 649 | 602–700 | 273, 1631 | 484 | 428–652 | 217, 1357 | 616 | 573–666 | 240, 2233 | 592 | 561–691 | 235, 1819 |
| Vit. D excl. suppl. (μg)*girls only | 1.1 | 1.0–1.2 | 0.5, 6.0 | 1.1 | 1.0–1.3 | 0.3, 6.1 | 1.0 | 1.0–1.1a | 0.4, 3.1 | 0.9 | 0.9–1.0a | 0.3, 2.7 | |
| Vit. D incl. suppl. (μg)*girls only | 1.3 | 1.1–1.5 | 0.5, 14.8 | 1.3 | 1.1–1.7 | 0.3, 14.4 | 1.0 | 1.0–1.1 | 0.4, 5.4 | 0.9 | 0.9–1.0 | 0.3, 2.7 | |
| α-TE equiv. (mg)*boys only | 4.6 | 4.4–5.1 | 2.6, 11.2 | 4.6 | 4.3–5.2 | 2.1, 11.2 | 6.1 | 5.8–6.4 | 2.7, 14.9 | 5.5 | 5.2–6.0 | 2.8, 12.1 | |
| Vit. K (μg)*boys only | 42.0 | 37.6–45.9 | 16.1, 129.5 | 34.3 | 29.8–38.1 | 10.9, 119.0 | 34.3 | 31.9–36.4 | 15.9, 115.4 | 33.6 | 30.6–37.4 | 11.6, 105.8 | |
| Thiamin (mg)* | 0.60 | 0.56–0.64 | 0.35, 1.14 | 0.56 | 0.52–0.60 | 0.27, 1.22 | 0.74 | 0.73–0.79a | 0.42, 1.74 | 0.69 | 0.67–0.72a | 0.40, 1.83 | |
| Thiamin (mg/MJ)2 | 0.14 | 0.14–0.15 | 0.09, 0.29 | 0.15 | 0.14–0.16 | 0.10, 0.31 | 0.14 | 0.13–0.15 | 0.09, 0.30 | 0.14 | 0.13–0.15 | 0.09, 0.35 | |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 0.79 | 0.74–0.88 | 0.46, 1.41 | 0.76 | 0.71–0.82 | 0.33, 1.51 | 0.91 | 0.87–0.98 | 0.50, 2.04 | 0.83 | 0.81–0.88 | 0.47, 1.70 | |
| Niacin equiv. (mg)* | 11.7 | 11.0–12.4 | 7.5, 19.8 | 11.6 | 10.7–12.9 | 6.7, 17.6 | 16.3 | 15.6–16.6 | 10.1, 28.7 | 15.0 | 13.8–15.9 | 9.6, 23.9 | |
| Niacin equiv. (mg/MJ)2 | 2.93 | 2.77–3.02 | 2.20, 4.02 | 2.92 | 2.72–3.12 | 2.22, 4.23 | 2.89 | 2.82–2.93 | 2.23, 4.47 | 2.94 | 2.86–3.04 | 2.22, 4.65 | |
| Pantothenic acid (mg)* | 2.5 | 2.3–2.7 | 1.4, 5.2 | 2.4 | 2.2–2.5 | 1.0, 4.5 | 2.8 | 2.7–2.9 | 1.6, 6.6 | 2.7 | 2.6–2.7 | 1.4, 5.9 | |
| Pyridoxine (mg)* | 0.81 | 0.78–0.87a | 0.48, 1.36 | 0.74 | 0.71–0.77a | 0.33, 1.34 | 0.92 | 0.90–0.98 | 0.58, 2.17 | 0.89 | 0.87–0.96 | 0.50, 2.10 | |
| Biotin (μg)* | 26.0 | 24.3–27.8 | 16.0, 62.8 | 22.3 | 21.2–24.9 | 10.6, 64.4 | 31.4 | 30.2–33.3a | 16.2, 119.1 | 29.3 | 27.8–30.1a | 15.2, 119.9 | |
| Folate equiv. (μg) | 130 | 123–142 | 70, 227 | 122 | 116–128 | 57, 224 | 140 | 133–151 | 76, 328 | 141 | 127–149 | 71, 320 | |
| Vit. B12 (μg)* | 2.0 | 1.8–2.1 | 0.9, 3.6 | 1.8 | 1.5–2.0 | 0.6, 3.3 | 2.5 | 2.4–2.6a | 1.1, 4.8 | 2.2 | 2.1–2.3a | 1.0, 4.2 | |
| Vit. C (mg) | 65.7 | 58.7–73.7 | 23.2, 129.5 | 64.3 | 60.7–68.5 | 15.1, 128.4 | 66.5 | 63.8–71.7 | 21.6, 165.3 | 59.6 | 57.3–65.4 | 23.5, 160.7 | |
| Minerals | Sodium (g)* | 1.00 | 0.93–1.09 | 0.40, 1.91 | 1.00 | 0.96–1.09 | 0.49, 1.88 | 1.44 | 1.42–1.50 | 0.81, 2.51 | 1.45 | 1.41–1.50 | 0.86, 2.21 |
| Potassium (mg)* | 1418 | 1347–1494 | 913, 2139 | 1284 | 1239–1356 | 593, 2012 | 1597 | 1573–1624 | 964, 2410 | 1545 | 1511–1577 | 919, 2293 | |
| Calcium (mg) | 473 | 449–503 | 221, 793 | 454 | 391–518 | 210, 791 | 519 | 495–558 | 269, 952 | 485 | 467–519 | 276, 788 | |
| Magnesium (mg)* | 150 | 139–158a | 87, 226 | 128 | 121–138a | 75, 233 | 172 | 167–177 | 105, 265 | 170 | 158–178 | 110, 232 | |
| Phosphorus (mg)* | 600 | 541–626 | 390, 902 | 537 | 505–584 | 318, 849 | 741 | 716–757a | 468, 1066 | 676 | 658–702a | 436, 934 | |
| Iron (mg)* | 5.3 | 5.0–5.5 | 3.3, 9.1 | 5.3 | 5.0–5.5 | 2.4, 8.5 | 6.4 | 6.3–6.8 | 3.9, 11.7 | 6.0 | 5.9–6.3 | 3.4, 9.7 | |
| Zinc (mg)* | 4.6 | 4.5–4.9 | 3.1, 7.8 | 4.3 | 4.1–4.7 | 2.3, 6.4 | 5.4 | 5.2–5.6 | 3.5, 8.0 | 5.1 | 4.9–5.3 | 3.4, 7.3 | |
| Copper (mg)* | 0.66 | 0.64–0.73a | 0.45, 1.04 | 0.59 | 0.55–0.62a | 0.37, 1.16 | 0.83 | 0.81–0.88 | 0.52, 1.29 | 0.79 | 0.76–0.82 | 0.51, 1.18 | |
| Manganese (mg)*girls only | 2.0 | 1.8–2.1a | 1.0, 3.3 | 1.6 | 1.5–1.7a | 0.7, 3.9 | 2.2 | 2.0–2.3 | 1.2, 4.3 | 2.1 | 1.9–2.3 | 1.2, 3.6 | |
| Iodine (μg)3 | 54.0 | 48.0–56.0 | 23.8, 111.8 | 58.2 | 51.4–63.0 | 19.4, 102.4 | 52.1 | 48.2–55.4 | 24.1, 120.2 | 51.7 | 50.9–55.0 | 28.6, 135.7 | |
1Weighted data (n unweighted). The age group toddlers refers to children aged ≥1 to ≤2 years and the age group preschoolers refers to children aged ≥3 to ≤5 years, but also includes 62 children of 6 years of age. Nutrient intake was calculated using BLS 3.02 (for ordinary foods/beverages) and LEBTAB (for foods/beverages intended for infants/young children). CI Median, 95% confidence interval of the median; Equiv., equivalents; P, percentile; Vit., vitamin; α-TE, α-tocopherol.
2The EFSA DRVs are given in mg per MJ.
3Possibly underestimated, as iodized salt in family foods is not fully accounted for.
*Significant difference between age groups (95% confidence intervals of the medians do not overlap).
aSignificant difference between sexes (95% confidence intervals of the medians do not overlap).