Figure 1. The composition of the gut microbiome remains unaltered after COVID-19 vaccination.

(A) 59 patients were recruited for longitudinal analysis of the effect of the vaccines against COVID-19. Samples were assigned to one of three cohorts, healthy control, immune-checkpoint therapy treated cancer patients (ICP), or patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID). Blood samples were analysed for their live-virus neutralisation capacity and quantifying the amount of anti-spike IgG antibodies, whilst fecal samples were analysed with shotgun metagenomics for taxonomic and functional annotations. (B) Diversity measures of chao1 and Shannon assessed in fecal samples taken from different vaccine timepoints, from within healthy control, ICP and patients with PID. Statistical testing performed using Wilcoxon test and adjusted for multiple testing using Bonferroni correction. (C) Principal component (PC) analysis at the operational taxonomic unit level. Each dot represents a unique sample from within each cohort (shapes) taken at unique timepoints after vaccination (colours). (D) Relative abundance at the phyla taxonomic level depicted by colours of each of the bars, from samples taken from each of the cohorts (HC, ICP, and PID), separated by the vaccine timepoints from which the sample was taken; PD, Pre-Dose, Acute, and Late. (E) Relative abundance of the six most prevalent phyla in patient samples from within each of the cohorts and separated by the vaccine timepoint from which the sample was taken. Statistical testing performed using Wilcoxon test and adjusted for multiple testings using Bonferroni correction. (N = 43 HC, 160 ICP, and 36 PID).