Exhibit 3. Antipsychotic use in children enrolled in Medicaid from 2008 to 2016 by race and ethnicity^a,b.

SOURCE [Authors’ analysis of data from CMS Medicaid data from 2008–2016]

^aRestricted to 26 states identified by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ DQ Atlas as having low or medium concern for the quality of race/ethnicity data in 2016 data (AK, CA, FL, GA, ID, IN, IL, ME, MD, MI, MN, MT, NH, NJ, NM, NC, ND, OH, OK, PA, SD, TX, VT, VA, WA, WI); Appendix exhibit B displays results with 45 states and 18 states.

^bThe proportion of children with unknown race and ethnicity ranged from 5–8% annually.