Table 2.
Brain morphological alterations in major depressive disorder.
| Study | Participants | Analysis | Brain Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vasic et al., 2008 [190] | 15 MDD/14 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ |
GMC - IFG, ITG, OFC, MeFG, Transverse Temporal Gyrus
GMV - Thalamus, Hippocampus, Cingulate Gyrus |
| Leung et al., 2009 [191] | 17 MDD/17 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ |
GMC - SFG, MFG, MeFG, OFC, ACC, MCC, Insula, Precentral Gyrus, Fusiform Gyrus
GMV - MCC, Precuneus, Angular Gyrus, MTG, Temporal Pole, Precentral Gyrus GMV - MFG, PCG |
| Abe et al., 2010 [189] | 21 MDD/42 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ | GMV - Parahippocampus, Hippocampus, MFG, ACC, Parietal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, STG |
| Salvadore et al., 2011 [197] | 58 dMDD / 27 rMDD / 107 HC | Whole-brain VBM |
↓
↑ ↓ ↑ |
GMD (vs. dMDD) - SFG, MFG, SFG GMD (vs. rMDD) - Putamen, Insula, STG, IFG, IPL, SPL, Postcentral Gyrus GMV (vs. dMDD) - IFG, SFG, MFG GMV (vs. dMDD) - Subgenual ACC, Pregenual ACC |
| Soriano-Mas et al., 2011 [176] | 70 MDD / 40 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ | GMV - Insula |
| Grieve et al., 2013 [196] | 102 MDD/ 34 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ | GMV - MFG, IFG, Rectal gyrus, SFG, MFG, ACC, MCC, PCC, Precuneus, Precentral gyrus, Fusiform Gyrus, ITG, MTG, STG, Postcentral gyrus, IP, Cuneus, MOG, IOG, Thalamus, GP, Caudate, Cerebellum |
| Serra-Blasco et al., 2013 [192] | 22TRD/22REMREC/22FIRST/32 HC | Whole-brain VBM ROI SBM (volume): ACC, SFG, MeFG, Insula |
↓ | GMV (TRD<HP) - SFG, ACC, MeFG, Insula, IFG, Parahippocampus, Transverse-Temporal Gyrus, Post-Central Gyrus GMV (REM-REC<HP) - SFG, Cerebellum, ACC GMV (TRD<FIRST) - Pre-Central Gyrus, Post-Central Gyrus, MeFG, Insula, Transverse-Temporal Gyrus, Inferior Parietal Lobule, PCG Volume (TRD<FIRST) - MeFG, Insula Volume (TRD<REM-REC) - MeFG |
| Jung et al., 2014 [187] | 50 MDD/29 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ | GMV - Insula, ACC, SFG, IFG, OFC, Amygdala |
| Lai & Wu, 2014 [188] | 38 MDD/27 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ | GMV - SFG, MFG, MeFG, Insula |
| Machino et al., 2014 [198] | 29 MDD / 29 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ | GMV - Dorsal ACC, Ventral ACC, SFG, and Cerebellum |
| Tae, 2015 [173] | 20 MDD/21 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ | GMV - Amygdala, Hippocampus, Parahippocampus, Thalamus, PCG, Pregenual Gyrus, Lingual Gyrus, Insula, Fusiform Gyrus, IFG |
| Shen et al., 2016 [181] | 147 MDD / 130 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ | GMV - Precuneus, Hippocampus, MTG, Cerebellum |
| Yang et al., 2017 [214] | 35 MDD / 23 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ | GMV - Insula, Putamen, Amygdala, Lingual Gyrus, and Cerebellum |
| Zhao et al., 2017 [211] | 37 MDD / 24 SAD / 41 HC | Whole-brain VBM |
↑
↓ |
GMV - Temporal Pole GMV - OFC, Putamen, Thalamus, MFC, Cuneus |
| Han et al., 2021 [218] | 195 MDD / 130 HC | Whole-brain VBM |
↓
↑ |
GMV - Thalamus, Parahippocampal Gyrus, Lingual Gyrus, Hippocampus, Fusiform Gyrus, and Cerebellum GMV - VeMPFC, Amygdala, Precuneus, Postcentral Gyrus |
| Kandilarova et al., 2019 [194] | 39 MDD/ 42 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ | GMV - MeFC, ACC, MTG, IFG (pars triangularis) |
| Lee et al., 2011 [217] | 47 MDD / 51 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ | GMC - Midbrain (dorsal raphe nuclei, DRN), Subgenual ACC, Thalamus, Insula, Accu, Amygdala, Hippocampus, Fusiform Gyrus, Lingual Gyrus, Lingual Gyrus, MTG, STG, and Cerebellum |
| Peng et al., 2011 [216] | 22 MDD / 30 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ | GMD - STP, Insula, IFG, MTG, STG, OFG, Parahippocampal Gyrus, MFG, and Cerebellum |
| Zhang et al., 2021 [212] | 30 MDD / 63 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ | GMV - Insula, STP, MTP, Olfactory Gyrus, Gyrus Rectus, IOFG, Putamen, Caudate, STG, Cerebellum, Lingual Gyri, Parahippocampal Gyrus, Fusiform Gyri, ITG |
Abbreviations: ACC, Anterior Cingulate Cortex; Accu, Nucleus Accumbens; dMDD, currently depressed MDD patients; DALPFC dorsal anterolateral prefrontal cortex; DMPFC, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex; FIRST, First-Episode; GMC, Gray Matter Concentration; GMV, Gray Matter Volume; GP, Globus Pallidus; HC, Healthy Controls; IFG, Inferior Frontal Gyrus; ITG, Inferior Temporal Gyrus; IP, Inferior Parietal; IOFG, Inferior Orbitofrontal Gyrus; LOFC, Lateral Orbitofrontal Gyrus; MeOFC, Medial Orbitofrontal Gyrus; MCC, MidCingulate Cortex; MDD, Major Depression Disorder; MeFG, Medial Frontal Gyrus; MeFC Medial Frontal Cortex; MFG, Middle Frontal Gyrus; MTG, Middle Temporal Gyrus; MTP, Middle temporal Pole; MOG, Middle Occipital Gyrus; NA, Not Available; IOG, IPL, Inferior Parietal Lobule; Inferior Occipital Gyrus; OFC, Orbitofrontal Cortex; OFG, Orbitofrontal Gyrus; PCG, Posterior Cingulate Gyrus; PCC, Posterior Cingulate Cortex; REM-REC, Remitted-Recurrent; ROI, Region-of-Interest; SBM, Surface-Based Morphometry; SFG, Superior Frontal Gyrus; STP, Superior Temporal Pole; SPG, Superior Parietal Gyrus; SPL, Superior Parietal Lobule; Superior Parietal Lobule; rMDD, currently remitted MDD patients; STG, Superior Temporal Gyrus; TRD, Treatment-Resistant Depression; VLPFC, Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex; VeMPFC, Ventral Medial Prefrontal Cortex; VBM, Voxel-Based Morphometry.
↓ Lower regional GMV/GMC in patients.
↑ Greater regional GMV/GMC in patients.
Italics = Uncorrected Brain Results (or corrected with p>.001 AlphaSim).