Table 3.
Brain morphological alterations in anxiety disorders.
| Study | Participants | Analysis | Brain Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Massana et al., 2003 [239] | 12 PD / 12 HC | ROIs VBM: amygdala, hippocampus, temporal lobe | ↓ | GMV - Amygdala |
| Rauch et al., 2004 [251] | 10 SP animal / 20 HC | ROIs1 SBM(t) | ↑ | SBM(t) - Insula, pregenual ACC, PCC, superior and medial occipital cortex |
| Yoo et al., 2005 [278] | 18 PD / 18 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ | GMV - putamen |
| Uchida et al., 2008 [267] | 19 PD / 20 HC | ROIs2 VBM |
↑
↓ |
GMV - insula, midbrain and pons GMV - ACC |
| Asami et al., 2009 [240] | 24 PD / 24 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ | GMV - dmPFC, vmPFC, amygdala, ACC, STG, insula, occipitotemporal, cerebellum |
| Hayano et al., 2009 [242] | 30 PD / 30 HC | ROIs VBM: amygdala, hippocampus | ↓ | GMV - Amygdala |
| Liao et al., 2011 [269] | 18 PD / 18 HC | Whole-brain VBM |
↑
↓ |
GMV - mPFC GMV - ITG, hippocampus, parahippocampus |
| Hettema et al., 2012 [12] | 17 GAD / 17 HC | ROIs VBM: amygdala, hippocampus, ACC, OFC |
↓ | GMV - Hippocampus |
| Syal et al., 2012 [275] | 13 SAD / 13 HC | Whole-brain SBM(t,v) | ↓ | SBMt - Fusiform gyrus, ITG, Frontal and Temporal poles, mOFC, Insula, Postcentral and Supramarginal |
| Talati et al., 2012 [282] | 33 SAD/ 16 PD/ 37 HC | Whole-brain VBM |
↑
↓ ↑ ↓ |
GMV SAD - Fusiform, parahippocampus, cerebellum GMV SAD - STG GMV PD - Cuneus GMV PC - Precentral, postcentral, MCC |
| Fisler et al., 2013 [248] | 20 SP (spiders) / 20 HC | ROI VBM amygdala | ↓ | GMV - Amygdala |
| Na et al., 2013 [266] | 22 PD (12 with agoraphobia) / 22 HC | ROIs3 VBM amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampus thalamus, insula | ↓ | GMV PD with agoraphobia - mOFC |
| Linares et al., 2014 [250] | 19 SP (spiders)/ 17 HC |
Whole-brain SBM(t) | ↓ | SBMt - ACC |
| Lai et al., 2015 [272] | 53 PD / 54 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ | GMV - IFG, insula |
| Tükel et al., 2015 [283] | 27 SAD / 27 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↑ | GMV - MTG, ITG, Precuneus, Fusiform |
| Moon et al., 2017 [230] | 20 GAD / 20 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ | GMV - Midbrain, Thalamus, Hippocampus, Insula, STG |
| Makovac et al., 2016 [245] | 19 GAD / 19 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ | GMV - Supramarginal, postcentral, precentral |
| Kawaguchi et al., 2016 [274] | 13 SAD / 18 HC | ROI VBM: Insula | ↓ | GMV - Insula |
| Andreescu et al., 2017 [264] | 28 GAD / 31 HC | Whole-brain SBM(t,v) | ↓ |
SBMt - mOFC, rACC
SBMv - IFG |
| Asami et al., 2018 [241] | 38 PD / 38 HC | ROI SBM(v): Amygdala | ↓ | SBMv - Amygdala |
| Bas-Hoogendam et al., 2018 [247] | 39 SAD (22 subclinic) / 62 Hc | ROIs4 SBM(t,v,a) |
↓
↓ |
SBMt - rACC, inferior parietal, supramarginal, temporal pole, transverse temporal SBMt - MFG, OFG, STG, Fusiform, rACC |
| Asami et al., 2018b [281] | 25 PD / 25 HC | ROI VBM and SBMs: Thalamus | ↓ | GMV - Thalamus SBMs inward deformation |
| Ma et al., 2019 [246] | 27 GAD / 28 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ | GMV - Precentral gyrus, SFG |
| Chen et al., 2020 [231] | 72 GAD / 57 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ | GMV - IFG, sgACC, vmPFC, dmPFC, insula |
| Kunas et al., 2020 [243] | 143 PD / 178 HC | ROIs5 VBM | ↓ | GMV - Amygdala |
| Li et al., 2020 [263] | 19 GAD / 19 HC | ROIs VBM: ACC, insula, SMA, PFC | ↓ | GMV - mPFC, ACC, OFC |
| Ni et al., 2020 [268] | 26 PD / 27 HC | Whole-brain SBM(t) | ↓ | SBMt - Fusiform |
| Zhang et al., 2020 [270] | 32 SAD / 32 HC | Whole-brain SBM(t,a) |
↓
↑ |
SBMt - SFG, MFG, rACC SBMa - SFG rACC MFG STG OFC |
| Yoshida et al., 2020 [279] | 38 PD / 38 HC | ROI SBM(v,s): NAcc |
↓
↑ |
SBMv - NAcc SBMs - NAcc inward deformation |
| Takaishi et al., 2021 [232] | 38 PD / 38 HC | ROIs SBM(v): Hippocampal subfields | ↓ | SBMv - Hippocampus (cornu ammonis 2/3) |
| Atmaca et al., 2021 [273] | 21 SAD / 20 HC | ROI VBM: insula | ↓ | GMV - insula |
| Zhang et al., 2022 [277] | 49 SAD / 53 HC | Whole-brain VBM | ↓ | GMV - thalamus, putamen, parahippocampus |
Abbreviations: ACC, Anterior Cingulate Cortex; dmPFC, dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex; GAD, Generalized Anxiety Disorder; GMV, Gray Matter Volume; HC, Healthy Controls; IFG, Inferior Frontal Gyrus; ITG, Inferior Temporal Gyrus; MCC, Middle Cingulate Cortex; MFG, Middle Frontal Gyrus; MTG, Middle Temporal Gyrus; NAcc, Nucleus Accumbens; OFC, Orbitofrontal Cortex; PCC, Posterior Cingulate Cortex; PD, Panic Disorder; rACC, rostral Anterior Cingulate; ROI, Region-of-Interest; SAD, Social Anxiety Disorder; SBM(t,v,a,s), Surface-Based Morphometry (thickness, volume, area, shape); sgACC, subgenual Anterior Cingulate; SMA, Supplementary Motor Area; SP, specific phobia; STG, Superior Temporal Gyrus; vmPFC, ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex.
1: OFC, cingulate cortex, insula, parahippocampus, temporal pole, somatosensory cortex, visual cortex.
2: Amygdala, hippocampus, insula, ACC, thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain.
3: Amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampus thalamus, insula, mOFC.
4: Amygdala, hippocampus, pallidum, putamen, SFG, MFG, OFG, precentral gyrus, cACC, rACC, insula, superior parietal, inferior parietal, precuneus, supramarginal gyrus, postcentral gyrus, temporal pole, ITG, STG, fusiform gyrus and transverse temporal gyrus.
5: Amygdala, ACC, hippocampus, insula, thalamus, OFC.
↓ Lower regional GMV/SBM in patients.
↑ Greater regional GMV/SBM in patients.
Italics = Uncorrected Brain Results (or corrected with p>.001 AlphaSim).