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Illustration and description of the Feline Grimace Scale. This pain assessment tool is composed of five action units (AU) (ear position, orbital tightening, muzzle tension, whisker position and head position). Each one is scored from 0 to 2: 0 = action unit is absent; 1 = moderate appearance of the action unit, or uncertainty over its presence or absence; and 2 = obvious appearance of the action unit. Adapted from Evangelista et al (2020) 29
