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. 2011 Jan 1;13(1):25–34. doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.11.007

TABLE 1.

Factors contributing to the modification of total peripheral resistance

Origin Vasodilation Vasoconstriction
Circulating hormones

  • Atrial natriuretic peptide

  • Histamine

  • Substance P

  • Vasoactive intestinal peptide

  • Kinins

  • Epinephrine

  • Norepinephrine

  • Angiotensin II

  • Arginine vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)

  • Ouabain

  • Urotensin II
Local factors

  • Increased PaCO2, decreased PaO2

  • Increased pH

  • Increased K+, lactate, adenosine,

  • histamine

  • Increased temperature

  • Autoregulation

  • Decreased temperature
Endothelialderived factors

  • Nitric oxide

  • Prostacyclin

  • Endothelin

  • I Thromboxane A2
Neurohormonal factors Decreased activation of sympathetic nervous system Increased activation of sympathetic nervous system