Table 1.

Systematic reviews

First author, year (reference)	Exposure	Main findings/conclusion
Abdelhamid, 2018 (28)	n-3 PUFA	EPA and DHA has little or no effect on CVD.
Abdelhamid, 2020 (29)	n-3 PUFA	EPA, DHA, and ALA may be slightly protective of CVD. Little or no effect on adiposity, lipids, and blood pressure, except increasing long-chain-3 PUFA reduced triglycerides by ˜15%. Qualified systematic review.
Abdelhamid, 2019 (102)	n-3, n-6, and total PUFA	Little or no effect on bone health, muscle mass, and functional status. Qualified systematic review.
Ajabnoor, 2021 (107)	n-3 and n-6 PUFA	PUFA has little or no effect on prevention or treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Qualified systematic review.
Al-Khudairy, 2015 (25)	n-6 PUFA	No effects on blood lipids or blood pressure. No included trials reported CVD events.
Balk, 2016 (30)	n-3 PUFA	Long-chain n-3 PUFA or ALA did not clearly reduce ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, angina pectoris, MI, CVD, CHD, congestive heart failure. Qualified systematic review.
Brainard, 2020 (104)	n-3, n-6, and total PUFA	Long-chain n-3 PUFA probably has little or no effect on new neurocognitive outcomes or cognitive impairment. Qualified systematic review.
Brouwer, 2016 (53)	Trans fat (TFA)	Replacement of TFA by MUFA, PUFA, or carbohydrate improves levels of HDL and LDL, with PUFA showing the strongest effect. Replacement of TFA by SFA increased LDL and reduced TC/HDL and LDL/HDL. Qualified systematic review.
Brown, 2019 (59)	n-3, n-6, and total PUFA	Increasing n-3, n-6, or total PUFA has little or no effect on prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Qualified systematic review.
Deane, 2021 (106)	n-3 PUFA supplementation	Supplementation with long-chain n-3 PUFA probably has little or no effect in preventing depression. Qualified systematic review.
de Souza, 2015 (50)	SFA and TFA	TFAs are associated with all-cause mortality, total CHD, and CHD mortality. SFAs are not associated with all-cause mortality, CVD, CHD, ischemic stroke, or type 2 diabetes, but the evidence is heterogeneous with methodological limitations. Qualified systematic review.
Delgado-Noguera, 2015 (128)	Long-chain PUFA in mother’s diet during the pregnancy and 4 months after birth	Inconclusive evidence to support or refute the practice of giving long-chain PUFA supplementation to breastfeeding mothers in order to improve neurodevelopment.
DGAC, 2020 (27)	Types of fat	Replacing SFA by UFA reduces LDL. Replacing SFA by carbohydrates reduces LDL but increases TG and reduces HDL. Replacing SFA with PUFA reduces CHD events and CVD mortality. Intake of LCn-3 from food sources is associated with lower risk of CVD. Qualified systematic review.
DGAC, 2020 (129)	n-3 PUFA supplementation	Limited evidence suggests that n-3 PUFA supplementation during pregnancy may result in favorable cognitive development in the child. Insufficient evidence on motor and visual development, academic performance, risk of ADD/ADHD/autism in the child. Qualified systematic review.
Gunaratne, 2015 (135)	n-3 PUFA supplementation of pregnant and/or lactating women	Little effect of maternal marine n-3 PUFA supplementation during pregnancy and/or breast feeding for the reduction of allergic disease in the children.
Hanson, 2020 (98)	Long-chain n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA, total PUFA	Increasing long-chain n-3 PUFA has little or no effect on cancer diagnosis, cancer death, or breast cancer diagnosis; increasing ALA has little or no effect on cancer death. Increasing total PUFA may very slightly increase cancer risk, offset by small protective effects on CVD. Qualified systematic review.
Hooper, 2020 (16)	Effects of total fat intake on body fatness in adults	Reducing total fat intake results in small reductions in body fatness. Reducing fat intake to a greater extent results in greater weight reduction. Qualified systematic review.
Hooper, 2020 (49)	SFA	Reducing SFA intake for at least 2 years causes reduction in combined cardiovascular events. Replacing the energy from SFA with PUFA or carbohydrate appears to be useful strategies, while effects of replacement with monounsaturated fat are unclear. Qualified systematic review.
Mensink, 2016 (22)	SFA	Replacing SFA by PUFA and MUFA improves blood lipoprotein profile (e.g. decreasing LDL). Lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids increase LDL whereas stearic acid is neutral (compared with carbohydrate). Qualified systematic review.
Naude, 2018 (17)	Effects of total fat intake on bodyweight in children	No high-quality evidence with which to answer this question. Small reductions in BMI, total- and LDL at some time points with lower fat intake compared to controls. Qualified systematic review.
Newberry, 2016 (127)	n-3 PUFA	n-3 PUFA supplementation increases length of gestation and birth weight but has no effects on peripartum maternal or infant health outcomes, or gestational hypertension, peripartum depression, or postnatal growth. Qualified systematic review.
Reynolds, 2022 (54)	SFA and TFA	Higher intakes of SFA and TFA were associated with increased all-cause mortality. CHD incidence reduced with a 5% energy replacement with PUFA, plant MUFA, and slowly digested carbohydrates. Qualified systematic review.
Schwab, 2014 (26)	Amount and types of fat	Replacement of SFA by PUFA or MUFA lowers LDL. Total fat intake may increase body weight. Replacement of SFA by PUFA decreases risk of CVD. Inconclusive evidence regarding total fat, as well as n-3 PUFA, and T2D. No clear evidence regarding amount or type of fat for cancer. Qualified systematic review.
Te Morenga, 2017 (55)	SFA and TFA in children and adolescents	Advice to reduce SFA intake of children results in a significant reduction in total and LDL-C as well as diastolic BP without evidence of adverse effects on growth and development. Guidelines for children/adolescents should recommend diets low in SFA. Qualified systematic review.
Wolfram, 2015 (31)	Types of fat	Reducing SFA and increasing PUFA reduce LDL and risk of CHD. TFA increases risk of dyslipoproteinemia and CHD. LCn-3 PUFA reduces TG, and potentially risk of hypertension and CHD. Qualified systematic review.