Table 2.
Included search hits
| First author, year (reference) | Exposure | Main findings/conclusions | AMSTAR2-NNR rating |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular disease and blood lipids | |||
| Bendsen, 2011 (56) | TFA | No firm conclusion can be drawn regarding risk of CHD for ruminant compared to industrial TFA | Moderate confidence |
| Marklund, 2019 (37) | n-6 PUFA | Circulating linoleic acid is inversely associated with CVD, cardiovascular mortality, and ischemic stroke | High confidence |
| Panth, 2018 (51) | Medium-chain FA | Compared to long-chain SFA, medium-chain SFA increases HDL but has no differential effect on LDL | High confidence |
| Verneque, 2020 (57) | Ruminant and industrial TFA | Ruminant TFA may increase LDL cholesterol more than industrial TFA. Effects are different in men and women | High confidence |
| Trieu, 2021 (52) | 15:0, 17:0, t16:1n-7 | Levels of 15:0 and 17:0, but not t16:1n-7, in plasma or adipose tissue was inversely associated with total CVD | High confidence |
| Gencer, 2021 (41) | n-3 PUFA | n-3 PUFA supplements increase the risk of atrial fibrillation | High confidence |
| Casula, 2020 (32) | n-3 PUFA | n-3 PUFA supplements reduce risk of cardiac mortality, MACE and MI. Benefits are higher in secondary prevention and with doses over 1 g/d | Low confidence |
| Lombardi, 2020 (36) | n-3 PUFA | n-3 PUFA supplements reduce risk of cardiovascular events. Higher doses are more effective, but also increase risk of bleeding and atrial fibrillation | Moderate confidence |
| Ueno, 2019 (39) | n-3 PUFA | n-3 PUFA supplements does not influence the risk of stroke | Low confidence |
| Sekikawa, 2019 (42) | n-3 PUFA | n-3 PUFA supplements may slow progression of atherosclerosis | High confidence |
| Lotfi, 2021 (43) | MUFA | No association with CVD mortality | Moderate confidence |
| Hypertension and blood pressure | |||
| Verneque, 2020 (57) | Ruminant and industrial TFA | No differential effect of ruminant and industrial TFA on systolic or diastolic blood pressure | High confidence |
| Schwingshackl, 2011 (58) | MUFA | Compared to low-MUFA diets (<12E%), high-MUFA diets (>12E%) lowers both systolic and diastolic blood pressure | High confidence |
| Diabetes, glucose and insulin | |||
| Liu, 2019 (67) | PUFA | No clear effect of n-3 or -6 supplementation on preclinical or clinical type 1 diabetes in children | Moderate confidence |
| Imamura, 2018 (64) | Dairy fat biomarkers | Circulating dairy fat biomarkers are associated with lower incidence of type 2 diabetes | Moderate confidence |
| Neuenschwander, 2020 (62) | SFA, vegetable fat, PUFA, ALA, n-3 PUFA | Amount or type of fat not associated with incidence of type 2 diabetes | High confidence |
| Verneque, 2020(57) | Ruminant and industrial TFA | No differential effect of ruminant and industrial TFA on glucose, insulin, and insulin sensitivity | High confidence |
| Aronis, 2012(65) | TFA | Higher compared to lower intake of TFA had no effect on glucose or insulin | Critically low confidence |
| Cancer | |||
| Alexander, 2015(69) | n-3 PUFA | No association with prostate cancer, either self-reported intake or biomarkers | Critically low confidence |
| Anjom-Shoae, 2020(92) | TFA | No association with breast cancer | Low confidence |
| Aucoin, 2017(70) | n-3 PUFA | No association with prostate cancer | High confidence |
| Brennan, 2017(94) | Total fat, SFA | SFA, but not total fat, positively associated with breast cancer mortality | Critically low confidence |
| Cao, 2016(93) | Total fat, SFA, MUFA, PUFA, n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA | Total fat positively associated with breast cancer | Low confidence |
| Chen, 2015 (91) | n-3 PUFA | No association with colorectal cancer | Critically low confidence |
| Fu, 2015 (71) | n-3 PUFA | ALA inversely and DHA positively associated with prostate cancer. EPA not associated. DHA in blood positively associated, ALA and EPA not associated | Low confidence |
| Gao, 2015 (81) | n-3 PUFA | No association with liver cancer | Low confidence |
| Han, 2017 (80) | Total fat, animal fat, vegetable fat | Total and animal fat positively associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, vegetable fat not associated | Critically low confidence |
| Han, 2015 (82) | SFA, MUFA, PUFA, total fat | No association with gastric cancer in one cohort, total fat and SFA positively associated in case-control studies and PUFA inversely associated | Low confidence |
| Jiang, 2015 (85) | SFA, PUFA, total fat | Total fat inversely associated with endometrial cancer | Low confidence |
| Kim, 2020 (68) | n-6 PUFA | Blood levels of n-6 PUFA inversely associated with any cancer, self-reported intake not associated | Low confidence |
| Kim, 2018 (88) | SFA, MUFA, PUFA, total fat | No association with colorectal cancer | Critically low confidence |
| Kim, 2021 (40) | Total PUFA, SFA | PUFA associated with lower cancer mortality, SFA associated with higher cancer mortality | High confidence |
| Liu, 2021 (72) | n-3 PUFA | ALA and n-6 PUFA not associated with prostate cancer, total n-3 PUFA positively associated. Marine n-3 PUFA inversely associated with breast cancer | Critically low confidence |
| Liu, 2011 (89) | Total fat, animal fat, plant fat | No association with colorectal cancer | Critically low confidence |
| Nguyen, 2021 (87) | Total fat, SFA, MUFA, PUFA, n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA | No association with colorectal cancer | Critically low confidence |
| Nindrea, 2019 (96) | n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio | No association with breast cancer | Critically low confidence |
| Noel, 2014 (74) | n-3 PUFA | No association with skin cancer | Critically low confidence |
| Qiu, 2016 (78) | SFA, MUFA, PUFA, total fat | No association with ovarian cancer | Critically low confidence |
| Ruan, 2020 (75) | SFA, MUFA, PUFA, total fat | No association with skin cancer | Low confidence |
| Sadeghi, 2019 (79) | Total fat, TFA, SFA, MUFA | Total fat and TFA positively associated with ovarian cancer | Critically low confidence |
| Shen, 2015 (76) | Total fat | No association with pancreatic cancer | Critically low confidence |
| Shen, 2012 (90) | n-3 PUFA | No association with colorectal cancer | Critically low confidence |
| Wang, 2019 (83) | SFA, MUFA, PUFA, total fat | No associations with bladder cancer in cohorts, total fat positively associated in meta-analysis including case-control studies | Critically low confidence |
| Wu, 2015 (86) | SFA, MUFA, PUFA | SFA and MUFA, but not PUFA, inversely associated with endometrial cancer | Low confidence |
| Xu, 2015 (73) | SFA, MUFA, PUFA, total fat | No association with prostate cancer | Low confidence |
| Yao, 2015 (77) | SFA, MUFA, PUFA | No association with pancreatic cancer | Low confidence |
| Zhao, 2016 (84) | Total fat | No association with endometrial cancer | Low confidence |
| Zheng, 2013 (95) | n-3 PUFA | Inverse association with breast cancer | Low confidence |
| Lv, 2021 (97) | PUFA | No association with lung cancer | Low confidence |
| Lotfi, 2021 (43) | MUFA | No association with cancer mortality | Low confidence |
| Osteoporosis and bone health | |||
| Mozaffari, 2018 (103) | Total fat, SFA, MUFA | SFA and animal-derived MUFA positively associated with risk of bone fracture | Critically low confidence |
| Shen, 2017 (100) | n-3 PUFA | n-3 PUFA may affect some markers of bone turnover | Critically low confidence |
| Sadeghi, 2019 (101) | n-3 PUFA | Inverse association with hip fracture | Critically low confidence |
| Orchard, 2012 (99) | n-3 PUFA | Evidence too limited to draw firm conclusions on potential effects on skeletal health | Critically low confidence |
| Other health outcomes and risk factors | |||
| Huang, 2020 (123) | n-3 PUFA | There were minor benefits for muscle mass gain and timed up and go performance. n-3 PUFA may improve ‘time up and go test’ and increase muscle mass, but not handgrip strength, walking speed or one-repetition maximum leg strength | Medium confidence |
| Bird, 2021 (124) | n-3 PUFA | n-3 PUFA may increase lean body mass and maximal voluntary capacity, but not handgrip strength | Low confidence |
| Zhang, 2022 (125) | n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA | Dietary n-3 PUFA, but not n-6 PUFA, inversely associated with sarcopenia | Low confidence |
| Fonseca, 2014 (126) | Types of fat | No conclusion can be drawn for COPD | Critically low Confidence |
| Falsig, 2019 (114) | n-3 PUFA | n-3 PUFA may improve semen quality parameters | Moderate confidence |
| Kdekian, 2020 (121) | Higher versus lower fat | Exchange of carbohydrates for fats reduces postprandial glucose and PPI and increases postprandial TG. | Critically low confidence |
| Pase, 2011(115) | n-3 PUFA | n-3 PUFA supplementation reduce arterial stiffness | Low confidence |
| Wang, 2012 (116) | n-3 PUFA | n-3 PUFA supplementation improves endothelial function | Critically low confidence |
| Li, 2014 (117) | n-3 PUFA | n-3 PUFA supplementation lowers CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α | High confidence |
| Winters-van Eekelen, 2021 (108) | Total fat, SFA, unsaturated fat | Unsaturated fat decrease liver fat content compared to SFA. Replacing fat with carbohydrate was not effective | Low confidence |
| Candido, 2020 (122) | SFA, PUFA | May affect endotoxemia in acute, but not longitudinal, settings | High confidence |
| Heshmati, 2019 (118) | n-3 PUFA | Improved some markers of oxidative stress | Low confidence |
| Total mortality | |||
| Kim, 2021 (40) | SFA, MUFA, PUFA, total fat | A 5% increase in energy from PUFA was associated with 5% and 4% lower mortality from CVD and cancer, respectively. A 1% energy increment in TFA was associated with 6% higher risk of mortality from all-causes and CVD. There was a non-linear association between dietary SFA and all-cause mortality showing a significant increased risk up to 11% of energy from SFA. The risk of cancer mortality increased by 4% for every 5% increase in energy from SFA | High confidence |
| Lotfi, 2021 (43) | MUFA | No significant association between MUFA intake and risk of CVD mortality or cancer mortality. An additional 5% of energy from MUFA was associated with a 3% reduced risk of all-cause mortality, but not with CVD and cancer mortality | High confidence |
| Trieu, 2021 (52) | 15:0, 17:0, t16:1n-7 | No association with all-cause mortality. Higher levels of 15:0 and 17:0 were associated with lower CVD risk | High confidence |
| Mother and child health | |||
| Ambrozej, 2021 (140) | MFGM | MFGM-supplemented formulas may improve some aspects of psychomotor development compared to standard formula | Critically low confidence |
| Kar, 2016 (131) | n-3 PUFA | Maternal n-3 PUFA supplementation reduces the risk of preterm delivery | Critically low confidence |
| Li, 2018 (132) | n-3 PUFA | Maternal n-3 PUFA supplementation has no or little effect on offspring body composition | Critically low confidence |
| Ren, 2021 (133) | PUFA and TFA | Maternal n-3 PUFA supplementation has no or little effect on offspring body weight or BMI at ages 0–4 years and 5–10 years. Blood/tissue levels of TFA are associated with lower birth weight in observational studies | High confidence |
| Wu, 2019 (139) | PUFA, ruminant TFA | Exposure to n-3 PUFA in early life not associated with development of allergic disease (eczema, asthma, wheeze, allergic rhinitis, sensitization). Exposure to vaccenic acid inversely associated with development of eczema whereas exposure to linoleic acid was positively associated. | Low confidence |
| Amirani, 2020 (134) | n-3 PUFA | n-3 PUFA supplement during pregnancy increase HDL cholesterol and decrease CRP, but has no effect on other lipid or inflammation markers or glycemia | Critically low confidence |
| Muley, 2015 (136) | n-3 PUFA | n-3 PUFA supplements to children had no effect on primary prevention of asthma | Critically low confidence |
| Waidyatillake, 2018 (138) | n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA | Insufficient evidence to determine if PUFA in breast milk is associated with development of allergic disease in children | Low confidence |
| Verfuerden, 2020 (130) | Long-chain PUFA | Infant formula supplemented with long-chain PUFA has no effect on long-term cognitive function in childhood | High confidence |