Table 5.

Optimized values of hyperparameters for optimization algorithms.

Optimization algorithm	Hyperparameters	Final optimized value
PSO	Swarm size	15
	c1	0.5
	c2	1 × 10−4
	ω	0.5
GA	Population size	40
	Bits per variable	32
	Crossover rate	0.9
	Mutation rate	0.01