Table 2C-2:
Adjusted odds ratios comparing neonatal cytokine and chemokine concentrations in ASD (typical to high-functioning, low-functioning) and DDa
| ASDhi vs. DD | ASDlo vs. DD | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cytokine | OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P |
| 6Ckine (CCL21) | 1.32 | 0.61, 2.86 | 0.48 | 1.53 | 0.92, 2.56 | 0.10 |
| BCA-1 (CXCL13) | 1.31 | 0.45, 3.79 | 0.62 | 1.30 | 0.66, 2.56 | 0.44 |
| CTACK (CCL27) | 0.97 | 0.43, 2.18 | 0.93 | 1.07 | 0.60, 1.89 | 0.82 |
| ENA78 (CXCL5) | 1.05 | 0.73, 1.51 | 0.81 | 1.23 | 0.95, 1.59 | 0.12 |
| Eotaxin (CCL11) | 0.83 | 0.27, 2.58 | 0.75 | 1.06 | 0.50, 2.26 | 0.87 |
| Eotaxin-2 (CCL24) | 1.02 | 0.66, 1.57 | 0.94 | 1.15 | 0.87, 1.52 | 0.33 |
| Eotaxin-3 (CCL26) | 1.03 | 0.48, 2.19 | 0.94 | 1.11 | 0.68, 1.80 | 0.68 |
| Fractalkine (CX3CL1) | 1.01 | 0.41, 2.50 | 0.98 | 1.36 | 0.72, 2.58 | 0.35 |
| GCP-2 (CXCL6) | 0.84 | 0.38, 1.88 | 0.67 | 1.47 | 0.75, 2.88 | 0.27 |
| Gro-α (CXCL1) | 0.88 | 0.32, 2.43 | 0.81 | 1.00 | 0.50, 1.98 | 0.99 |
| Gro-β (CXCL2) | 0.80 | 0.39, 1.63 | 0.53 | 1.11 | 0.67, 1.83 | 0.68 |
| I-309 (CCL1) | 0.93 | 0.25, 3.47 | 0.92 | 1.15 | 0.49, 2.67 | 0.75 |
| IFN-γ | 0.88 | 0.42, 1.84 | 0.74 | 1.19 | 0.74, 1.93 | 0.47 |
| IL-1β | 1.59 | 0.51, 4.98 | 0.42 | 1.34 | 0.68, 2.63 | 0.39 |
| IL-2 | 1.12 | 0.37, 3.38 | 0.85 | 1.27 | 0.64, 2.51 | 0.49 |
| IL-4 | 0.90 | 0.27, 3.04 | 0.86 | 1.21 | 0.55, 2.63 | 0.64 |
| IL-6 | 1.02 | 0.41, 2.54 | 0.96 | 1.20 | 0.68, 2.14 | 0.53 |
| IL-8 (CXCL8) | 1.00 | 0.44, 2.27 | 0.996 | 1.12 | 0.65, 1.95 | 0.68 |
| IL-10 | 1.20 | 0.52, 2.80 | 0.67 | 1.27 | 0.74, 2.17 | 0.38 |
| IL-16 | 1.44 | 0.52, 4.01 | 0.48 | 1.37 | 0.74, 2.55 | 0.31 |
| IP-10 (CXCL10) | 1.10 | 0.30, 3.95 | 0.89 | 0.81 | 0.37, 1.75 | 0.58 |
| I-TAC (CXCL11) | 1.74 | 0.74, 4.05 | 0.20 | 1.27 | 0.75, 2.14 | 0.37 |
| MCP-1 (CCL2) | 3.42 | 1.25, 9.39 | 0.02 | 1.08 | 0.63, 1.83 | 0.79 |
| MCP-2 (CCL8) | 1.29 | 0.53, 3.15 | 0.57 | 1.35 | 0.74, 2.48 | 0.33 |
| MCP-3 (CCL7) | 1.05 | 0.43, 2.55 | 0.91 | 1.14 | 0.66, 1.99 | 0.63 |
| MCP-4 (CCL13) | 1.05 | 0.43, 2.57 | 0.91 | 0.79 | 0.45, 1.38 | 0.41 |
| MDC (CCL22) | 1.46 | 0.62, 3.41 | 0.38 | 2.12 | 1.14, 3.92 | 0.02 |
| MIF | 1.15 | 0.60, 2.21 | 0.68 | 1.21 | 0.77, 1.91 | 0.41 |
| MIG (CXCL9) | 1.14 | 0.53, 2.45 | 0.74 | 1.34 | 0.81, 2.23 | 0.26 |
| MIP-1α (CCL3) | 0.68 | 0.15, 3.03 | 0.62 | 1.17 | 0.40, 3.41 | 0.78 |
| MIP-1δ (CCL15) | 1.60 | 0.63, 4.08 | 0.32 | 1.37 | 0.82, 2.29 | 0.23 |
| MIP-3α (CCL20) | 1.09 | 0.39, 3.07 | 0.87 | 1.30 | 0.66, 2.55 | 0.45 |
| MIP-3β (CCL19) | 1.19 | 0.68, 2.06 | 0.54 | 1.23 | 0.84, 1.79 | 0.29 |
| MPIF-1 (CCL23) | 2.63 | 1.19, 5.79 | 0.02 | 1.88 | 1.19, 2.97 | 0.01 |
| SCYB16 (CXCL16) | 1.09 | 0.50, 2.36 | 0.83 | 0.97 | 0.59, 1.60 | 0.91 |
| SDF-1α/β (CXCL12) | 1.05 | 0.49, 2.25 | 0.90 | 1.38 | 0.82, 2.32 | 0.23 |
| TARC (CCL17) | 1.12 | 0.58, 2.17 | 0.73 | 1.23 | 0.80, 1.90 | 0.35 |
| TECK (CCL25) | 1.06 | 0.41, 2.78 | 0.90 | 1.26 | 0.64, 2.47 | 0.51 |
| TNF-α | 1.06 | 0.52, 2.15 | 0.87 | 1.14 | 0.73, 1.78 | 0.58 |
Multinomial logistic regression models were adjusted for maternal education attainment, gestational age, child’s age at blood spot collection, and years from blood spot collection to elution; cytokines/chemokines were ln-transformed and normalized for total protein (pg/mg total protein); OR represents the fold change in the odds of having one diagnosis relative to another diagnosis or no diagnosis for every 1-unit increase in the ln-transformed cytokine/chemokine (or for every e-fold increase in cytokine/chemokine levels); 398 participants comprised the following groups: 27 ASD (high), 144 ASD (low), and 69 DD; Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS) composite standard scores were used to define high/low cognitive and adaptive development levels, where both MSEL and VABS scores of ≥70 indicated typical to high-function and a score of <70 on either MSEL or VABS indicated low-function; OR = adjusted odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, P = P-value