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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Feb 6.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Hum Behav. 2023 Aug 31;7(10):1652–1666. doi: 10.1038/s41562-023-01638-1

Table 3|.

Estimated treatment effects for each vulnerable group and its counterfactual in the male sample

Domain With young child Feeling lonely Low mental health Low income Living in an apartment
Yes No P Yes No P Yes No P Yes No P Yes No P
(1) Health outcomes Mental health −0.148 (0.131) −0.071 (0.058) 0.729 −0.109 (0.123) −0.093 (0.060) 0.906 −0.134 (0.189) −0.064 (0.051) 0.713 −0.071 (0.085) −0.104 (0.071) 0.769 −0.095 (0.116) −0.077 (0.061) 0.889
General health −0.036 (0.095) 0.043 (0.051) 0.328 0.062 (0.097) 0.011 (0.050) 0.648 −0.003 (0.135) 0.026 (0.048) 0.838 0.017 (0.060) 0.005 (0.065) 0.888 0.038 (0.091) −0.009 (0.048) 0.644
Bodily pain −0.121 (0.105) 0.027 (0.061) 0.271 0.036 (0.106) −0.026 (0.055) 0.604 0.185 (0.157) −0.032 (0.054) 0.188 −0.131 (0.078) 0.094 (0.071) 0.039 −0.013 (0.101) −0.040 (0.054) 0.816
(2) Health behaviour BMI 0.039 (0.064) 0.032 (0.034) 0.799 0.091 (0.077) 0.031 (0.032) 0.470 −0.004 (0.090) 0.042 (0.032) 0.627 0.086 (0.050) −0.012 (0.032) 0.098 0.010 (0.042) 0.038 (0.037) 0.614
Frequency of alcohol consumption 0.351 (0.113) −0.027 (0.048) 0.002 −0.006 (0.103) 0.086 (0.049) 0.415 0.098 (0.150) 0.071 (0.046) 0.862 0.093 (0.076) 0.056 (0.053) 0.694 0.211 (0.083) 0.025 (0.053) 0.059
Frequency of physical activity −0.073 −0.036 (0.131) 0.687 (0.070) 0.045 −0.072 (0.131) 0.424 (0.068) −0.076 −0.057 (0.176) 0.916 (0.064) −0.223 0.090 (0.096) 0.010 (0.075) −0.158 −0.028 (0.119) 0.357
(3) Social connectedness Feeling safe −0.018 (0.100) −0.005 (0.061) 0.976 0.104 (0.112) −0.015 (0.057) 0.347 −0.015 (0.242) 0.011 (0.050) 0.914 −0.050 (0.088) 0.035 (0.057) 0.417 0.058 (0.092) −0.035 (0.064) 0.405
Feeling lonely 0.127 (0.110) −0.040 (0.068) 0.151 −0.036 (0.160) 0.024 (0.055) 0.721 0.039 (0.211) 0.007 (0.054) 0.883 0.044 (0.082) −0.012 (0.067) 0.596 0.019 (0.110) 0.016 (0.058) 0.978
Feeling part of the local community −0.080 (0.088) −0.247 (0.060) 0.099 −0.307 (0.111) −0.189 (0.054) 0.343 −0.062 (0.166) −0.220 (0.051) 0.358 −0.278 (0.073) −0.139 (0.066) 0.155 −0.208 (0.099) −0.207 (0.055) 0.992
(4) Labour supply and income Working hours −0.048 (0.075) −0.148 (0.050) 0.189 −0.167 (0.095) −0.113 (0.045) 0.611 −0.176 (0.120) −0.117 (0.044) 0.638 −0.062 (0.058) −0.177 (0.056) 0.154 −0.166 (0.074) −0.111 (0.050) 0.532
Income −0.035 (0.092) −0.067 (0.044) 0.568 −0.069 (0.088) −0.049 (0.043) 0.838 0.001 (0.081) −0.057 (0.042) 0.506 0.004 (0.041) −0.113 (0.067) 0.139 −0.177 (0.084) −0.007 (0.045) 0.075
Government income 0.010 (0.050) −0.029 (0.130) 0.796 0.148 (0.118) −0.041 (0.112) 0.246 0.348 (0.172) −0.056 (0.109) 0.044 −0.017 (0.183) −0.018 (0.062) 0.997 0.086 (0.094) −0.062 (0.143) 0.389

The table reports the estimates of treatment for each outcome and subgroup. Clustered standard errors are shown in parentheses. The third column reports the P value associated with two-sided t-tests of equality of treatments across the two mutually exclusive subgroups.