Table 2.

Odds ratios from multilevel ordered logit regressions on teacher ratings of language and literacy skills in first grade

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
Race/ethnicity
Asian	1.21**	1.47***	1.06	.93	.83
Latinx	.58***	.76***	.87	.90	.88
Black	.52***	.63***	.76***	.83*	.98
Student background
Male		.59***	.70***	.70***	1.02
SES		1.97***	1.35***	1.21***	1.11**
Age		1.02***	.98***	1.00	.97***
Two-parent HH		1.18***	1.11*	1.11	.92
Non-English HH		.86*	1.01	1.03	.86
Academic performance
Prior reading score			1.21***	1.26***	1.24***
Reading gains				1.13***	1.11***
Prior reading score × reading gains				1.00***	1.00***
Approaches to learning					4.98
Teacher/school characteristics
Black teacher		.84*	.81	.82	.92
Latino teacher		1.21*	1.41**	1.91***	1.97***
Other race teacher		1.00	.98	1.16	1.26
Graduate coursework		.92	1.02	1.06	1.05
Master’s degree		.91	.93	.95	.93
Doctorate degree		.90	.94	.84	.80
Teacher’s age		1.00*	1.00	1.00	1.00
% Asian		.99**	.99*	.99**	.99*
% Hispanic		1.00***	1.01***	1.02***	1.01***
% Black		1.01***	1.01***	1.01***	1.01***
% Low income		1.00	1.00	1.00*	1.00*
150–299 students		.91	1.08	1.06	1.09
300–499 students		.79*	.84	.79	.83
500–749 students		.78*	.82	.83	.85
750 or more students		.82	.82	.86	.92
Suburb		.94	.93	.88	.92
Other locale		.97	1.12	1.19	1.21
Public school		.99	1.50***	1.69***	1.51***
Northeast		.90	1.16	1.31*	1.15
Midwest		.92	1.13	1.31*	1.30*
West		.94	.97	1.13	1.00

ECLS-K 98–99, N ≈ 12,610. Models include random intercepts at teacher level and school level. Reference categories include white (student race), white (teacher race), up to a bachelor’s (teacher’s education), < 150 students (school size), city (locale), and South (region)

^*p < .05

^**p < .01

^***p < .001