Table 4.

Odds ratios for racialized subgroups from multilevel ordered logit regressions on teacher ratings of language and literacy skills and math skills in first grade

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
Language and literacy skills
White immigrant	1.00	.95	1.06	1.03	1.04
East Asian American	1.61**	1.40	1.22	1.03	.92
East Asian immigrant	2.38***	2.83***	1.22	1.19	1.18
South Asian	1.86**	1.53*	.76	.76	.74
Southeast Asian American	.64**	1.03	1.12	1.00	.90
Southeast Asian immigrant	.89	1.32*	1.11	.88	.71*
White Latinx American	.73***	.82*	.87	.86	.87
White Latinx immigrant	.53***	.78*	.95	.96	.82
Non-white Latinx American	.57***	.72***	.81*	.85	.85
Non-white Latinx immigrant	.49***	.77*	1.01	1.10	1.01
Black American	.51***	.61***	.77**	.84*	1.00
Black immigrant	.72	.76	.67*	.71	.80
Math skills
White immigrant	.99	.89	1.01	1.05	1.06
East Asian American	1.34	1.12	.91	1.06	.89
East Asian immigrant	3.42***	3.76***	2.35***	2.69***	2.71***
South Asian	1.58*	1.26	1.16	1.30	1.20
Southeast Asian American	.62**	.95	1.40	1.50*	1.25
Southeast Asian Immigrant	1.03	1.41**	1.60**	1.87***	1.41*
White Latinx American	.80*	.87	1.12	1.23	1.20
White Latinx immigrant	.56***	.74*	1.01	1.02	.85
Non-white Latinx American	.59***	.70***	1.01	1.14	1.08
Non-white Latinx immigrant	.52***	.74*	1.15	1.34*	1.18
Black American	.40***	.46***	.74***	.89	.92
Black immigrant	.52***	.53***	.65*	.84	.77
Model controls
Student/teacher/school context	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Prior reading/math performance	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Reading/math gains	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
Approaches to learning	No	No	No	No	Yes

ECLS-K 98–99, N ≈ 12,610. Models include random intercepts at teacher level and school level. Reference category is white American. Full model results available upon request

^*p < .05

^**p < .01

^***p < .001