Table 6.

Descriptive statistics for model controls

	%/Mean	SD	Min	Max
Male	50.47		0	1
SES	0.03	0.81	−2.96	2.88
Age (in months)	87.08	4.46	68.13	113.53
Two-parent household	78.69		0	1
Non-English speaking HH	12.60		0	1
Kindergarten reading score	33.79	10.84	11.69	85.01
Reading gains in first grade	23.33	8.65	−11.54	55.82
Kindergarten math score	28.62	8.62	7.58	60.06
Math gains in first grade	15.73	5.98	−19.31	41.73
Approaches to learning	3.06	0.70	1.00	4.00
Teacher/school characteristics
Teacher’s race/ethnicity
White	84.20		0	1
Black	6.97		0	1
Latinx	5.71		0	1
Other	3.12		0	1
Teacher’s education
Up to bachelor’s degree	30.50		0	1
Graduate coursework	32.67		0	1
Master’s	30.56		0	1
Doctorate	6.28		0	1
Teacher’s age	42.28	11.07	21	73
% Asian students	5.15	12.88	0	100
% Hispanic students	14.31	24.72	0	100
% Black students	15.45	25.68	0	100
% Low-income students	57.91	40.34	0	100
School size (# of students)
< 150	4.67		0	1
150–299	18.55		0	1
300–499	30.43		0	1
500–749	25.58		0	1
750 or more	20.78
Locale
City	34.97		0	1
Suburb	37.31		0	1
Other	27.72		0	1
Public school	78.07		0	1
Region
Northeast	18.32		0	1
Midwest	24.91		0	1
South	35.27		0	1
West	21.49		0	1

ECLS-K 98–99, N ≈ 12,610. Standard deviations, minimums, and maximums estimated from cases with valid responses