Table 1.
Characteristics of the matched cohorts in the first imputed dataset.
| Before PSM |
After PSM |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dapagliflozin | Comparators | SMD | Dapagliflozin | Comparators | SMD | |
| Number | 7588 | 27,717 | 6200 | 6200 | ||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Sex male, n (%) | 4575 (60.3) | 16,796 (60.6) | <0.01 | 3808 (61.4) | 3789 (61.1) | <0.01 |
| Age, years | 60.9 (9.0) | 63.6 (8.8) | 0.30 | 61.0 (9.0) | 61.3 (9.6) | 0.03 |
| Diabetes duration, years | 11.6 (8.4) | 10.6 (7.9) | 0.12 | 10.6 (7.9) | 10.4 (8.3) | 0.02 |
| Anthropometrics | ||||||
| Weight, kg | 88.9 (18.4) | 83.8 (17.8) | 0.28 | 88.0 (18.0) | 87.7 (19.0) | 0.01 |
| Height, cm | 167.2 (9.7) | 166.6 (9.7) | 0.06 | 167.3 (9.6) | 167.3 (9.7) | <0.01 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 31.8 (5.8) | 30.2 (5.8) | 0.27 | 31.4 (5.7) | 31.3 (6.2) | <0.01 |
| Waist, cm | 109.3 (13.4) | 105.5 (13.4) | 0.28 | 108.3 (13.3) | 108.0 (14.1) | 0.02 |
| Risk factors and laboratory | ||||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 137.8 (18.8) | 136.4 (18.6) | 0.08 | 137.1 (18.7) | 137.2 (18.6) | <0.01 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 79.3 (10.2) | 78.2 (9.9) | 0.11 | 79.4 (10.2) | 79.4 (10.2) | <0.01 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dl | 173.6 (57.2) | 159.6 (48.0) | 0.28 | 169.0 (53.8) | 168.4 (54.5) | 0.01 |
| HbA1c, % | 8.4 (1.5) | 7.8 (1.2) | 0.44 | 8.2 (1.4) | 8.2 (1.5) | 0.02 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 174.2 (43.7) | 172.5 (42.8) | 0.04 | 173.7 (43.5) | 173.9 (43.4) | <0.01 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 46.7 (14.6) | 48.4 (15.2) | 0.12 | 46.7 (14.6) | 47.1 (14.4) | 0.02 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 94.9 (36.2) | 94.3 (35.7) | 0.02 | 94.7 (36.0) | 95.2 (35.6) | 0.01 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 143 (102–200) | 132 (95–184) | 0.14 | 141 (101–198) | 139 (99–195) | 0.03 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 87.7 (16.7) | 80.7 (21.1) | 0.35 | 87.7 (16.8) | 87.4 (17.9) | 0.01 |
| Albumin excretion rate, mg/g | 10.5 (5.3–24.9) | 10.6 (5.3–25.0) | <0.01 | 10.4 (5.1–22.5) | 10.5 (5.3–24.3) | <0.01 |
| Normoalbuminuria | 8.0 (4.5–15.0) | 8.3 (4.50–14.9) | <0.01 | 8.0 (4.5–15.0) | 8.4 (4.5–15.0) | <0.01 |
| Microalbuminuria | 71.5 (45.0–127.4) | 68.0 (43.9–124.5) | 0.06 | 72.1 (45.2–126.4) | 69.1 (44.5–126.0) | 0.04 |
| Macroalbuminuria | 654.0 (431.5–1189.5) | 690.1 (415.7–1349) | 0.07 | 648.0 (429.0–1119.0) | 631.0 (411–1239) | 0.02 |
| eGFR slope (ml/min/1.73 m2/year) | −0.6 (2.4) | −1.1 (2.4) | 0.19 | −0.7 (2.1) | −0.7 (2.1) | 0.02 |
| Complications | ||||||
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 1535 (20.2) | 7750 (28.0) | 0.18 | 1219 (19.7) | 1246 (20.1) | 0.01 |
| EGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, n (%) | 416 (5.5) | 4651 (16.8) | 0.33 | 394 (6.4) | 389 (6.3) | <0.01 |
| UACR >30 mg/g, n (%) | 1229 (16.2) | 4182 (15.1) | 0.03 | 952 (15.4) | 928 (15.0) | 0.01 |
| Diabetic retinopathy, n (%) | 1399 (18.4) | 3723 (13.4) | 0.14 | 927 (15.0) | 919 (14.8) | <0.01 |
| Diabetic macular edema, n (%) | 200 (2.6) | 507 (1.8) | 0.06 | 127 (2.0) | 140 (2.3) | 0.01 |
| Stroke/TIA, n (%) | 106 (1.4) | 439 (1.6) | 0.02 | 79 (1.3) | 84 (1.4) | <0.01 |
| Carotid atherosclerosis, n (%) | 1397 (18.4) | 5886 (21.2) | 0.07 | 1090 (17.6) | 1127 (18.2) | 0.02 |
| Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 800 (10.5) | 3009 (10.9) | 0.01 | 594 (9.6) | 582 (9.4) | <0.01 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy, n (%) | 581 (7.7) | 2214 (8.0) | 0.01 | 461 (7.4) | 460 (7.4) | <0.01 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 234 (3.1) | 693 (2.5) | 0.04 | 179 (2.9) | 171 (2.8) | <0.01 |
| Any site revascularization, n (%) | 527 (6.9) | 2130 (7.7) | 0.03 | 387 (6.2) | 387 (6.2) | <0.01 |
| Microvascular complications, n (%) | 2824 (37.2) | 11,116 (40.1) | 0.06 | 2119 (34.2) | 2093 (33.8) | <0.01 |
| Macrovascular complications, n (%) | 2376 (31.3) | 9383 (33.9) | 0.05 | 1847 (29.8) | 1826 (29.5) | <0.01 |
| Established CVD, n (%) | 975 (12.8) | 3776 (13.6) | 0.02 | 725 (11.7) | 720 (11.6) | <0.01 |
| Glucose lowering medications | ||||||
| Metformin, n (%) | 6185 (81.5) | 20,890 (75.4) | 0.15 | 5224 (84.3) | 5184 (83.6) | 0.02 |
| Sulphonylurea/repaglinide, n (%) | 621 (8.2) | 5383 (19.4) | 0.30 | 617 (10.0) | 652 (10.5) | 0.02 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors, n (%) | 108 (1.4) | 3130 (11.3) | 0.35 | 107 (1.7) | 111 (1.8) | <0.01 |
| GLP-1 receptor agonists, n (%) | 203 (2.7) | 1002 (3.6) | 0.05 | 199 (3.2) | 206 (3.3) | <0.01 |
| Pioglitazone, n (%) | 157 (2.1) | 1231 (4.4) | 0.12 | 150 (2.4) | 155 (2.5) | <0.01 |
| Acarbose, n (%) | 61 (0.8) | 223 (0.8) | <0.01 | 52 (0.8) | 55 (0.9) | <0.01 |
| Bolus insulin, n (%) | 1943 (25.6) | 682 (2.5) | 0.95 | 563 (9.1) | 598 (9.6) | 0.02 |
| Basal insulin, n (%) | 3162 (41.7) | 4471 (16.1) | 0.64 | 1814 (29.3) | 1746 (28.2) | 0.02 |
| Other medications | ||||||
| Statins, n (%) | 4196 (55.3) | 14,960 (54.0) | 0.03 | 3334 (53.8) | 3292 (53.1) | 0.01 |
| Anti-platelet agents, n (%) | 2757 (36.3) | 10,444 (37.7) | 0.03 | 2130 (34.4) | 2062 (33.3) | 0.02 |
| RAS blockers, n (%) | 4359 (57.4) | 15,733 (56.8) | 0.01 | 3495 (56.4) | 3471 (56.0) | <0.01 |
| Beta blockers, n (%) | 2058 (27.1) | 7444 (26.9) | <0.01 | 1643 (26.5) | 1652 (26.6) | <0.01 |
| Calcium channel inhibitors, n (%) | 1579 (20.8) | 5972 (21.5) | 0.02 | 1271 (20.5) | 1288 (20.8) | <0.01 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 2125 (28.0) | 8593 (31.0) | 0.07 | 1699 (27.4) | 1727 (27.9) | 0.01 |
| Anticoagulants, n (%) | 142 (1.9) | 859 (3.1) | 0.07 | 124 (2.0) | 120 (1.9) | <0.01 |
Data are presented for patients who initiated dapagliflozin or comparators before and after propensity score matching. Continuous variables are presented as mean (standard deviation) and median (IQR). Categorical variables are presented as number (percentage).
Microvascular complications included retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. Macrovascular complications included evidence of atherosclerosis in any arterial site. Established cardiovascular disease (CVD) was defined as myocardial infarction, stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), or prior arterial revascularization.
RAS, renin angiotensin system; SMD, standardized mean difference.