Fig. 4. Multivariable regression estimates for the associations of parity (females, red) or number of children (males, black) with metabolic measures: negative control analyses Models adjusted for age at baseline, education, and body composition at age 10.

Results are mean differences presented as standard unit changes in metabolic measure per 1 year increase in age at menopause. Circles denote the mean differences and indicate p-value < 0.00093 (filled circles) or ≥0.00093 (hollow circles). Multivariable regression models (ordinary least squares, two-sided regression coefficients reported) were used. (N = 63,652 for females, N = 53,387 for males). Abbreviations for Figs. 2–4 and 6 are given in ‘Abbreviations’. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.